ذکر مالک رام
اردو کے مشہور عالم و فاضل، نامور محقق و مصنف اور غالب و ابوالکلام کے عارف و شیدائی جناب مالک رام کی وفات پر پوری اردو دنیا سوگوار اور اشکبار ہے، ان سے راقم کے جو گہرے اور مخلصانہ تعلقات تھے اس کی بنا پر اس کے لیے بھی ان کی جدائی بہت شاق ہے۔
وہ پھالیہ ضلع گجرات میں جواب مغربی پنجاب (پاکستان) کا حصہ ہے، ۲۲؍ دسمبر ۱۹۰۶ء کو بویجہ کھتریوں کے ایک خاندان میں پیدا ہوئے ، ان کے والد لالہ نہال چند فوج کے محکمہ سپلائی میں ملازم تھے، لیکن مالک رام ابھی بارہ دن ہی کے تھے کہ والد کے سایہ شفقت سے محروم ہوگئے، والدہ نے پرورش و پرداخت کی، چار برس کی عمر سے تعلیمی سلسلہ شروع ہوا جو ایم۔ اے اور ایل ایل بی کرنے کے بعد ۱۹۳۳ء میں منقطع ہوا، اس سے قبل ۱۹۳۱ء میں ان کی شادی ہوگئی تھی۔
مضمون نگاری اور رسالوں کے مطالعہ کا چسکہ بچپن سے تھا، ابتدا میں شعر و شاعری سے بھی کچھ دلچسپی رہی، ان کا پہلا باقاعدہ مضمون نیرنگ خیال لاہور میں چھپا، یہ ٹیگور کی گیتا نجلی کے بعض ٹکڑوں کا ترجمہ تھا، اس کے بعد ۱۹۲۶ء کے نگار میں ’’ذوق اور غالب‘‘ کے عنوان سے ان کا مضمون شایع ہوا جس میں آگے چل کر ماہر غالبیات ہونے والے نے غالبؔ پر ذوقؔ کو ترجیح دی تھی، لوہر میں قیام کی بنا پر نیرنگ خیال کے مدیر حکیم محمد یوسف حسین سے مالک رام کے تعلقات ہوگئے تھے، ۱۹۳۰ء میں ان کی خواہش پر ساٹھ روپے ماہوار پر نیرنگ خیال کی مجلس ادارت میں شامل ہوگئے، پھر لاہور ہی سے شائع ہونے والے ’’آریہ گزٹ‘‘ سے متعلق ہوئے، اس سے علیحدگی کے بعد ۱۹۳۶ء میں روزنامہ ’’بھارت ماتا‘‘ سے منسلک ہوئے، یہ...
The purpose of this study was to describe the science process skills of students of PGMI FTIK IAIN Palu on the science laboratory of Asam Basa. This research is a descriptive study conducted at the PGMI Study Program in September to October 2019. The research subjects were students of semester 3 of PGMI in the academic year 2019/2020 who took 28 natural science courses. Data in the form of students' Science Process Skills were obtained from the student performance appraisal in the science practicum on acid-base material. The results showed that students' science process skills varied in each category. For the category of skills using tools and materials, the average percentage for the 2 indicators is 83.05% or very high. For the category of observation skills, the average percentage for the two indicators is 83% or very high. For the grouping / classification skills category, the average percentage for the 2 indicators is 79% or in the high category. Whereas for communication skills where in this category there are 3 indicators with an average indicator of 82.5 or very high. Overall by averaging the percentage of all indicators obtained the percentage for science process skills in science lab, wet acid material is 82%. This shows that the science process skills of PGMI students are very high.
Diafenthiuron is a thiourea derivative pesticide that is commonly used against sucking pests in Pakistan. Present work was designed to report the toxic effect of diafenthiuron on non-target organism, Labeo rohita behavior, growth, hematology, serum biochemical profile, elemental composition in fish muscles and histology of vital organs. Juvenile freshwater Cyprinid fish Rahu (Labeo rohita) of both sexes (body length 12.5-25.5cm and body weight 27.7 to 163.63g) were purchased (N=500) from Faheem Fish Form Multan. Fish were acclimatized to controlled lab conditions. Fish were exposed to 0.0038, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 mg L-1 of Diafenthiuron for 96 hours. A pesticide untreated control group was maintained in parallel. Fish mortality was observed after 24h, 48h, 72h and 96 h and 96h Diafenthiuron LC50 value for Labeo rohita was found to be 0.272 mgL-1. Experimental series include short and long term phases. During short term experiments, Labeo rohita were exposed to sublethal concentration of 0.0075 mgL-1 of Diafenthiuron for 2, 4 and 8 days respectively while in long term experiments, fish were exposed to same dose for 16, 32 and 64 days. In parallel control group was maintained for each experimental treatment. The Diafenthiuron treated fish showed avoidence response as it displayed abrupt and sluggish swimming movements with heavy mucous secretion and fish body colour changed to light brown. The pesticide exposed fish had significantly higher white blood cell, lymphocyte and red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, red blood cells distribution width, while platelets count, plateletcrit and platelet distribution were significantly decreased than control group. Similarly, concentration of total serum proteins, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, triglyceride concentrations and asparate aminotransferase were disturbed in different diafenthiuron exposed treatments than their control groups. Analysis of elemental concentration data from fish muscle showed that there were significant variations in calcium, potassium and cadmium concentration when compared between diafenthiuron treated and untreated groups. Wrinkling of cell membrane of hepatocytes, diffused hepatocytes necrosis, dislocation of nucleus, pycnosis of hepatic nuclei and dilation of blood sinusoid were observed in liver of fish exposed to Diafenthiuron. These results are in agreement with our results from complete blood count and serum biochemical analysis that had indicated an infectious state in fish with disturbed metabolism. In Diafenthiuron treated Labeo rohita, a number of vacuolation and swellings in some renal tubular cells, shrinking of glomerulus were observed. The renal tubules exhibited shrunken lumen and vacuolated cytoplasm, pyknosis of nucleus, necrosis of renal tubular epithelial cells occurred, infiltration of leucocyte spread throughout and condensation of epithelial cells of tubules, karyorrhexsis and karyolysis indicated pesticide induced stress affecting the kidney histology severely. In conclusion, we have observed that sublethal dose (0.0075 mgL-1) of Diafenthiuron significantly affected the behavior, blood chemistry, histology of vital organs; elemental concentration in muscles of Labeo rohita than control groups indicating that Diafenthiuron has potential to adversely affect the physiology of non target organism, Labeo rohita. Therefore, we recommend strict measures to be taken at the government and public levels to prevent the entry of pesticides into water bodies to keep our food chains and food webs intact for sustaining life on the earth.