فقہ اسلامی اور مغربی قانون کی روشنی میں حقوق دانش کے قوانین کاتحقیقی مطالعہ

Islam always emphasizes to use legal ways and means of earning. In contrary the legal and illegal sources of income have been explained in detail. The “Right of invention” is one of the most discussed issues among the Islamic Jurists. This right is related to the intellectual skills and capabilities of people. However, internationally intellectual property is a known concept that associates with right of publication, right of trademark, patent and right of goodwill et cetera. However, research must be conducted on inquiring rights of intellectual property in Islamic Sharia and comparison of these rights with those in Western laws. In this paper the historical review of the intellectual properly has been presented. Similarly, those various types and concerned ruling have been discussed in contrast with the Islamic and western law on descriptive research methods.

The Effects of an English Teachers Teaching Methods on Students Reading Comprehension Skills

In Pakistan, English is taught as a second or foreign language in the government schools with minimal opportunities to practice it both in and outside the school. Teachers still use traditional ways for teaching reading. They are not familiar with the latest ways and appropriate trends of teaching reading in ESL/EFL contexts. This affects students' comprehension skills. They still struggle to understand the text even after reaching the higher grades. In this situation, English language classrooms could be the only place for practising language skills. Teachers can provide ample opportunities to their students if they know how to teach reading comprehension. This study was conducted to explore the effects of an English language teacher's teaching methods/strategies on students' reading comprehension skills, and to gain insights from it, in order to improve my own understanding of teaching of reading comprehension in English. It means that after observing the teacher's existing teaching reading methods/strategies and interviewing the teacher and the students, I improved my own understanding of teaching reading comprehension in English. It would help me in teaching reading comprehension in my own context. This study was conducted in a private school with an English language teacher and grade six students, especially with three students as the focus group. Interviews, classroom observations, document analysis and post-lesson discussions were used as data collection methods. Ongoing and summative data analysis was used to analyze the data. The research location was chosen keeping in view the socio-economic status and language similarities in the teaching and learning of English in the context where the research problem occurred. It was found that the methods which the teacher used for teaching reading comprehension were effective for improving students' reading comprehension skills as students were able to use reading comprehension skills such as; skimming, scanning, predicting, and summarizing to comprehend the text. However, it was difficult to claim that all students used these strategies because assessing reading comprehension is a very complicated process. But observing the teacher and students closely and their responses to the tasks, it could be said that these methods were useful for teaching reading comprehension.