لارڈ کارنیوورن
فرانسیسی ماہرین مصریات کا خیال ہے کہ لکسر میں جو مقبرہ برآمد ہوا ہے وہ نوتن خیمن کا نہیں ہے، بلکہ اس کے دوسرے جانشین ہارن ہیب کا ہے، حال ہی میں پروفیسر اڈورڈ نوبلے نے پیرس کی مجلس علمی کے سامنے اس موضوع پر ایک عالمانہ لکچر دیا اور اس میں اپنے اس دعویٰ کو ثابت کیاہے، اور بتایا ہے کہ ۱۹۰۸ء میں ایک امریکن نے ہارن ہیب کے مقبرہ کے نام سے جو جگہ دریافت کی تھی، دراصل وہی نوتن خیمن کا مقبرہ ہے۔
اسی سلسلہ میں یہ معلوم کرنا سخت افسوس ناک ہے کہ اس اکتشاف کے روح رواں لارڈ کارنیوورن کا مصر ہی میں بخار سے انتقال ہوگیا، اس پر تمام حلقوں میں عجیب چہ میگوئیاں ہورہی ہیں، چنانچہ بہت سے روحانیت کے قائل لوگوں کا خیال ہے کہ فرعون کی لاش کی کوئی ہمزاد حفاظت کرتا تھا یا اس پر کچھ نقوش اس قسم کے تھے جن کا اثر لارڈ موصوف پر مہلک ثابت ہوا۔ (مئی ۱۹۲۳ء)
Before the birth of the Holy prophet, human society yet again got at the verge of destruction due to apostasy and ignorance. The Holy Prophet introduced Islam to the sinking humanity. For spreading its message "Dawat"; Calling (To God) was made everybody's job. As Allah says in the holy Quran: "The Believers, men and women, are protectors, one of another: they enjoin what is just and forbid what is evil: " (9: 71). There are three fundamental groups of preachers. The first is the "Dawat" of common people to others. It is imperative for such a preacher that he himself should get the knowledge of religion through Islamic law and then communicate every virtue of it to his family, friends, neighbors and close relatives. The second is the place of Nobles. They include the commentators of the Quran, the narrators of the Prophet's Sayings, theologians and the learned scholars. The commentators of the Quran explain the meanings of the verses of the Quran keeping in view the conditions of the Quranic sciences. The narrators interpret the meanings of the Sayings of the Holy Prophet. The theologians or the learned scholars are entitled to discuss the Quran, Prophet's Sayings and the problems of the Islamic laws. The third is the place of the favorites. These people are the perfect successors of the Prophets. They have full control over the knowledge of laws as well as over the knowledge of mysteries. As Allah says: "and purify them", (one of the responsibilities of the Holy Prophet was to purify the souls). At a place it is said: "Truly he succeeds that purifies it" (91: 9). In this article research is done on "Calling (to God) and conveying His message".
Background and Objectives: There is no information available about the physiology of estrous cycle in native goat breeds of Pakistan; hence, modern breeding practices such as artificial insemination (AI) and estrous synchronization are not practiced by goat enterprises. Among several goat breeds, Beetal is popular for its dairy and meat characteristics. About 10% of the total goat population of Pakistan (74.1 million heads) is comprised of Beetal goats. Therefore, the objectives of the study were: 1) To understand the follicular dynamics and changes in plasma estradiol-17β and progesterone concentrations in Beetal goats during the estrous cycle (First experiment). 2) To determine the factors associated with variable interval to estrus and ovulation between early vs. late ovulating goats by monitoring the follicular dynamics and changes in estradiol-17β, progesterone and LH profiles following estrous synchronization by PGF2α (Second experiment). 3) To determine the optimal time of AI and changes in vaginal mucous characteristics relative to the onset of standing estrus in goats (Third experiment). Methodology: In the first experiment, two consecutive estrous cycles were monitored in Beetal goats (n = 7) via transrectal ultrasonography after estrous synchronization using a single dose of PGF2α (0.075 mg, i.m., d+ cloprostenol, Dalmazin®, Fatro, Italy) during the breeding season (Sep-Nov 2016). In second experiment, ovulation time of Beetal goats (n = 38) was determined using transrectal ultrasonography at every 6 h interval after the administration of single dose of PGF2α (Experiment 2a). The variations in hours to ovulation were further investigated in another subset of goats (n = 13) after the administration of single dose of PGF2α given randomly during the luteal phase (Experiment 2b). In the third experiment, intracervical inseminations were performed at 0 (n = 28), 12 (n = 84), 24 (n = 101) and 36 h (n = 44) after the onset of estrus in Beetal goats (n = 257) during the breeding seasons (September to December, 2016 through 2018). Characteristics of vaginal mucus (i.e., color, consistency, and volume) were observed at the time of AI and subjectively graded to calculate cumulative mucous score. The vaginal electrical resistance (VER) was recorded at each time point using Draminski® estrous detector. Results: In the first experiment, the interovulatory interval of Beetal goats averaged 21.2 ± 0.3 d, and the duration of follicular and luteal phases were 3.9 ± 0.1 and 17.2 ± 0.3 days, respectively. The 4-wave follicular pattern was greater than 3-waves (71% vs. 29%; P > 0.05). In 3-wave cycles, follicular waves emerged on Days -0.3 ± 0.3, 8.3 ± 1 and 14.5 ± 0.5 of estrous cycle (Day 0 = ovulation), while in 4-wave cycles, waves emerged on Days 0.5 ± 0.2, 7.5 ± 0.5, 11.9 ± 0.4, and 16.1 ± 0.6. Maximum diameter of preovulatory follicle and corpus luteum was 7.2 ± 0.2 mm and 11.8 ± 0.3 mm, respectively. On an average 1.7 ± 0.2 follicles ovulated per cycle, and luteolysis began on Day 17.2 ± 0.3 of the cycle. The largest follicle of first and ovulatory waves had greater diameters compared with 2nd or 3rd wave (P < 0.05). The peak plasma estradiol-17β concentration was observed 33.6 ± 9.6 h before ovulation. The peak plasma progesterone concentration was attained by Day 12.2 ± 1, and reached < 2 ng/mL within 1.6 ± 0.3 d after the onset of luteolysis. The plasma progesterone concentration and diameter of corpora lutea correlated throughout the estrous cycle (r = 0.94; P < 0.05). In the experiment-2a, the ovulation time varied between 60 and 96 h, and 57% of ovulations occurred by 72 h after PGF2α. Based on the time of ovulation, the goats in experiment-2b (n = 13) were retrospectively divided either into early (≤ 72 h) and late ovulating (≥ 84 h). The onset of estrus, peak estradiol‐17β concentration and LH surge after PGF2α was first observed in early than late ovulating goats (P < 0.05). The goats ovulating early had larger follicle and smaller CL in diameter at the time of PGF2α administration than those ovulating late (5.4 ± 0.2 vs. 4.3 ± 0.2 mm and 10 ± 0.6 vs. 11.8 ± 0.3 mm, respectively; P < 0.05). Likewise, plasma progesterone concentration tended to be lower (P = 0.087) in early than late ovulating goats. In the third experiment, pregnancy rate was minimum (P < 0.05) at 0 h (28.6%) compared with 12 (58.3%) and 24 h (56.4%); however, the pregnancy rate at 36 h (54.5%) did not differ (P > 0.05) compared with 0, 12 or 24 h. Relative odds for pregnancy rate at 12, 24 and 36 h were 5.24, 5.20 and 3.29 times greater than those of 0 h. The cumulative mucous score varied (P < 0.05) relative to the onset of estrus, and correlated well (P < 0.05) with the color and consistency than mucous volume. The VER was minimum (P < 0.05) at 12 than 0 and 36 h. Conclusions: In conclusions, the seventy-one percent of the cycles in Beetal goats are of 4-wave in nature and overall Beetal goats has a tendency of twin ovulations (first experiment). The size of the dominant follicle and CL at the time of PGF2α determines the interval to ovulation after administrating a single dose of PGF2α during the luteal phase (second experiment). The optimum time to inseminate the does using refrigerated semen is 12 to 24 h after the onset of estrus, whereas cumulative mucous score and VER can be used to determine the stage of estrus (third experiment).