مكاتیب رسول اور عربی خط نویسی

Islam has borne a deep and lasting impact on all aspects of human life. Inevitably language, which is a crucial factor in the build-up of society, has also been re-vitalized and re-invigorated by Islam. It was Arabia where Islam dawned its early rays, hence it is the Arabic language that got evolved under the revolutionary spirit of Islam. This deep impact has been caused through the two basic sources of Islam i. e. Quran and Hadith. Since our focus is Hadith, hence we shall talk on the impact of Hadith on the Arabic language. Hadith has a lasting influence on the Arabic language, its literature, and the various genres of the Arabic literature. The topmost among these diverse genres that dramatically evolved under the impact of Islam is 'letter writing'. The genre of letter writing has been passing through its evolutionary stages before the Prophet-hood of Muhammad (S. A. W) . Yet the clarity and style that it adopted; the purposefulness that it aspired and opted for; and its utility as an important official correspondence document all happened in the hands of our Holy Prophet (S. A. W) . In short, it turned into a regular genre of literature. Letter-writing owes deeply to the life infusing spirit of our Holy Prophet (S. A. W) for its lay-out and design, its aim and purpose, and basic features. Our Holy Prophet (S. A. W) left a lasting impact on the letter writing that shall always be a source of inspiration for the faithful.

Determining the Level of Agreement for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Stratification Between Coronary Artery Calcium Score and Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Models.

Introduction: Estimating the risk of future cardiovascular (CV) events is an essential step in the management and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Many cardiovascular risk tools are available such as the Framingham Risk Score (FRS), the American Heart Association/ American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) and the International Society of Hypertension and World Health Organization (ISH/WHO) risk charts. Regrettably, none of these tools has yet to be validated based on data from our Kenyan population. This study, therefore, sought to compare the accuracy of FRS and ACC/AHA in a Kenyan population. The risk estimates derived from the CV tools were correlated with coronary artery calcium score (CACS), a well-established reliable predictor of future risk of cardiovascular events. Objective: Determining the level of agreement between coronary calcium score and traditional cardiovascular risk models for coronary artery disease risk stratification in a multiethnic population at a tertiary healthcare institution in Kenya. Design: A cross-sectional study Methods: Data were collected retrospectively from the medical records of 200 patients referred to the Radiology department for a CT coronary artery calcium score.190 patients met the inclusion criteria. Comparisons for risk stratification were made according to FRS, ACC/AHA, WHO/ISH and CACS and the agreement (Kappa) and correlation (Spearman rho) between them were calculated. Statistical significance was set at p Results: There was poor agreement (Kappa >0.191) between CACS and the clinical CVD riskmodels in the Kenyan population studied. In relation to this, 83.6%, 81.8 % and 66.2% of the intermediate risk group according to FRS, ACC/AHA and WHO/ISH, respectively, were down-classified by CACS. Moreover, 81.6%, 84.6% and 66.7% of those who would qualify for aggressive management as per FRS, ACC/AHA, and WHO/ISH risk-based algorithms, respectively, would not qualify for the same management as per the CACS. Conclusion: The poor agreement between CACS and these clinical CVD risk scores suggests that the clinical CVD risk tools currently used in our Kenyan population might be incorrectly stratifying CV risk in patients. This highlights the need to externally validate these CVD risk models in our population to better risk predictions and set appropriate population-wide thresholds that are essential to aid better clinical decision making.