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Molecular Epidemiology of Salmonella Isolates Obtained from a Local Hospital in Islamabad

Thesis Info

Author

Nafisa Ikram

Department

Deptt. of Biological Sciences, QAU.

Program

Mphil

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

1993

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

91

Subject

Biological Sciences

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/M.Phil BIO/400

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676717601888

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شمس العلماء حافظ نذیر احمد

شمس العلماء حافظ نذیر احمد کلکتہ

            افسوس ہے کہ شمس العلماء حافظ نذیر احمد صاحب محقق آثار قدیمہ عجائب خانہ کلکتہ نے گزشتہ ماہ اس دارفانی کو الوداع کہا، مرحوم بنگال کے ان چند ممتاز اہل علم میں تھے جن پر اس صوبہ کو ناز تھا، معارف کے صفحات بھی اکثر ان کے مضامین سے زینت پاتے رہے ہیں، ہندوستان کے قلمی کتب خانوں اور نادر علمی جواہر کے گوشہ گوشہ سے ان کو واقفیت تھی اور ایشیاٹک سوسائٹی کی طرف سے کتابوں کی تلاش میں انہوں نے تمام ہندوستان کو چھان ڈالا تھا، چندسال سے عجائب خانہ کلکتہ میں آثار قدیمہ کی تحقیق کا کام ان کے سپرد ہوا تھا، افسوس کہ بنگال کا یہ نادر محقق اس عجائب خانہ عالم سے ہمیشہ کے لئے رخصت ہوگیا۔ (سید سليمان ندوی،اپریل ۱۹۲۷ء)

افسوس ہے کہ شمس العلماء حافظ نذیر احمد صاحب محقق آثار قدیمہ عجائب خانہ کلکتہ نے گزشتہ ماہ اس دارفانی کو الوداع کہا، مرحوم بنگال کے ان چند ممتاز اہل علم میں تھے جن پر اس صوبہ کو ناز تھا، معارف کے صفحات بھی اکثر ان کے مضامین سے زینت پاتے رہے ہیں، ہندوستان کے قلمی کتب خانوں اور نادر علمی جواہر کے گوشہ گوشہ سے ان کو واقفیت تھی اور ایشیاٹک سوسائٹی کی طرف سے کتابوں کی تلاش میں انہوں نے تمام ہندوستان کو چھان ڈالا تھا، چندسال سے عجائب خانہ کلکتہ میں آثار قدیمہ کی تحقیق کا کام ان کے سپرد ہوا تھا، افسوس کہ بنگال کا یہ نادر محقق اس عجائب خانہ عالم سے ہمیشہ کے لئے رخصت ہوگیا۔ (سید سليمان ندوی،اپریل ۱۹۲۷ء)

 

فقہ اسلامی اور مروجہ ملکی قوانین کے تناظر میں عذر کی جدید طبی اور نفسیاتی صورتوں کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Shariah is comprised of five main branches: adab (behavior, morals and manners), ibadah (ritual worship), i’tiqadat (beliefs), mu’amalat (transactions and contracts) and ‘uqubat (punishments). These branches combine to create a society based on justice, pluralism and equity for every member of that society. Furthermore, Shariah forbids to impose it on any unwilling person. Islam’s founder, Prophet Muhammad, demonstrated that Shariah may only be applied if people willingly apply it to themselves—never through forced government implementation. Muslim jurists argued that laws such as these clearly mandated by God, are stated in an unambiguous fashion in the text of the Qur'an in order to stress that the laws are in and of themselves ethical precepts that by their nature are not subject to contingency, context, or temporal variations. It is important to note that the specific rules that are considered part of the Divine shari'a are a special class of laws that are often described as Qur'anic laws, but they constitute a fairly small and narrow part of the overall system of Islamic law. In addition, although these specific laws are described as non-contingent and immutable, the application of some of these laws may be suspended in cases of dire necessity (darura). Thus, there is an explicit recognition that even as to the most specific and objective shari'a laws, human subjectivity will have to play a role, at a minimum, in the process of determining correct enforcement and implementation of the laws.

Exploring the Influence of In-House Professional Development on the Perceptions and Practices of Secondary English Language Teachers in Two Private Schools of Abc Organization in Gb Pakistan

The present study explored the perceptions of secondary English language teachers regarding the in-house professional development courses they attended and the influence of these courses on their practices. This study is conducted in two private high schools of ABC organization in the context of Gilgit Baltistan. Case study approach within qualitative research paradigm guided the study design. The research participants were two English language teachers who teach at secondary level. The data was collected from the ELTs through semi- structured interviews, classroom observations, formal and informal talks, and field notes and documents analysis. The findings of the study are developed into two separate cases and cross case analysis is done to identify the key findings. The findings of the study revealed that both the ELTs perceive in-house PD as an ongoing process to update themselves with new learnings and teaching techniques to cope with the challenges. ELTs also believe that other supporting factors like support from school context, principal, colleagues, family, their own self efforts and creativity, challenging students and their parents play significant role to grow professionally. The study also found that both ELTs have attended many general PD programmes, but few subject- based PD programmes. Both the ELTs demonstrated enhanced content and pedagogical skills during classroom teaching which showed that they have benefited from both formal and informal ways of PD. However, the findings also revealed some of the hindrances in implementation of learnings from PD. These included theory practice gap, limited subject and context relevant PD courses, lack of research based PD, problems of dealing variety of students, parent’s involvement and IT integrated teaching. There is little difference found in the perceptions and practices of both the ELTs. However, challenges differ in some ways due to personal and contextual differences. The findings of the study suggested pedagogical content knowledge based ongoing PD to further enhance ELTs content and pedagogical skills.