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Study of Metal Ions Separation by Using Coupled Transport Liquid Membrane Systems

Thesis Info

Author

Naheed Bukhari

Department

Deptt. of Chemistry, QAU.

Program

PhD

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2007

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

xix,162

Subject

Chemistry

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/Ph.D CHE/783

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676717607371

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اے پتر ہٹاں تے نہیں وکدے

اے پتر ہٹاں تے نئیں وکدے

                                                                                اورنگزیب ظفر خان پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی کینیڈا

چیئر مین بھٹو شہید کی پھانسی کے بعد ڈکٹیٹر شپ کا گھٹا ٹوپ اندھیرا خوف کے گہرے سائے۔ لوگ سیاست پر بات کرتے ہو ئے ڈرتے تھے لوگ سوچتے تھے کہ چیئر مین بھٹو شہید کی پھانسی کے بعد مارشل لاء کی یہ کالی رات کبھی بھی نہ ختم ہو گی کوئی دوسرا بھٹو جنم نہ لے گا مگر پی پی پی کے جوان میدان میں اترتے ہیں چیئر مین بھٹو شہید کی پھانسی ان پر قرض تھی جسے چکا نا فرض تھا کوئی جنت کا جھانسہ نہیں ۔ صرف عشقِ بھٹو ہے ۔مارشل لاء کا سکوت ٹوٹتا ہے اور مارشل لاء کے خلاف جمہوریت کی بحالی کی تحریک شروع ہو تی ہے ۔ہزاروں کار کنان شاہی قلعہ قلعہ بالا حصار اور دیگر عقوبت خانوں میں بے پناہ ظلم و ستم اور تشدد کا نشانہ بنتے ہیں ۔جیلیں بھر جاتی ہیں ۔جدو جہد اور بھی بھر پور طریقے سے آ گے بڑھتی ہے ۔جب لمبی لمبی سزائوں سے پاکستان پی پی پی کے کارکنان خوف زدہ نہیں ہوتے ۔پھر پھانسیوں کا سلسلہ شروع ہو تاہے ۔6اور9اگست 1984ء پنجاب کے ان بہادر اور دلیر کارکنوں کو پھا نسیوں پر لٹکا دیاجا تا ہے ۔آفرین ان جیالوں پر ہمیں فخر ہے اپنے ان شہدا پر جو جب پھانسی کے لیے کوٹھڑیوں سے نکا لے جا تے ہیں تو پھانسی گھاٹ تک جیو ے جیوے بھٹو جیوے کے نعرے لگاتے ہوئے تختہ دار کو چوم جاتے ہیں ۔

6اگست1984ء عثمان غنی اور ادریس طوطی کو لاہور جیل 9اگست 1984ء کو ادریس بیگ کو راولپنڈی میں پھانسی دی گئی ۔

جیالے یہ پوسٹ اپنے کمنٹس کے ساتھ شیئر کر کے ان قربانی دینے...

حیات امام مسلم بن حجاج القشیری

Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) asked the Ummat to build a strong bond with Quran and Sunnah. However, it was not possible to hold these, till both were not maintained in their original form. The science of Hadith has a significant role in the preservation of this Islamic Intellectual Heritage. It became possible because of the tremendous efforts of the Muslim Scholars who spent their entire lives in learning and spreading the Islamic knowledge. Imam Muslim bin Hajjaj al Qushairi 578 AD is one of the most enthusiastic, popular, and authentic personalities in the field of science of Hadith and among the bibliography of the narrators of Hadiths. His compilation As-Sahih Al-Jamey has a major contribution in preservation of Hadith. It is considered as the second most authentic book after The Quran. The paper discusses in details about the life of this intellectual personal, his journeys, his teachers, his students, his status, and his other research works.

Evaluation and Enhancement of Mac Protocols for Efficient Spectrum Management and Sharing in Cognitive Radio Networks

Cognitiveradionetworks(CRNs)havegainedatremendousinterestintheresearch community, as they tend to solve the existing and future issues of frequency spectrum scarcity by exploiting the spectrum holes in underutilized licensed and unlicensed frequency bands, thereby, improving the spectrum utilization. The number of channels in a Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) always varies with time and location as compared to legacy wireless networks with fixed number of radio channels. This variability of available channels in cognitive radio networks has brought new design challenges in MediumAccessControl(MAC)protocolsandhasledtotheneedformostefficientand reliable MAC protocols in a CRN that can sustain under variable network conditions. Thesharingofdiscoveredspectrumholesamongthecontendingsecondaryusers(SUs) increases the overall spectrum utilization; however, the utilization of these discovered spectrum holes within the CRN depends on the access mechanism of SUs. In random access, waste of these spectrum holes would occur due to collisions and un-attempted slots by SUs. Therefore, optimal use of these discovered holes with minimum or no waste is desirable in an efficient CRN. A self- organizing collision-free MAC protocol isproposedforthedistributedCRNthatismoreefficientinspectrumsharingbyavoiding collisions and maximally utilizing un-attempted slots during access phase, thus increasing the spectrum utilization and throughput. This is achieved by organizing and queuing the active SUs through a timer value and directing them in an orderly fashion to use the discovered holes. Finding holes from the underutilized portion of spectrum at varying times and locations is the most important function in CRNs. This requires efficient sensing policy at the MAC layer that can discover more idle channels in minimal time. Spectrum sensing policies for searching idle channels from the underutilized primary band can significantly affect the performance of SUs in terms of throughput, reliability and en ergy efficiency. The sensing policy depends on the channel sensing order that decides how SUs sense the primary user band in minimal period of time. A cooperative parallel sensing scheme with sequential channel selection order is proposed as part of the MAC protocol, which can discover all the free channels in the primary user band in minimal time. The proposed scheme has been analyzed for the number of channels sensedandthenumberofidlechannelsdiscovered. Furthermore,energyefficiencyand throughput of the proposed scheme have also been evaluated. The results show considerable improvement for the proposed scheme as compared to the random channel spectrum sensing schemes prevalent in adhoc CRNs. The work in this thesis has aimed to improve spectrum management by adopting new spectrum sensing policies and improvingspectrumsharingbyself-organizingthecognitiveusersforcollisionfreeaccess in adhoc CRN MAC protocols.