مشاجرات صحابہ کرام کا علمی اور تحقیقی جائزہ

The focus of this study is to highlight the ‘’Mushajarat, of the companions of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Lexical meaning of the ‘’Mushajarat, is a dense trees in which the branches are mixing and striking with each other. Here it exposes itself in the meaning of fight because the fighter are mixing and striking with one another. The religious scholars did not explain the partiality among the companions of the Holy prophet (PBUH) as fight, but they rather explained it as ‘’Mushajarat, because the dense tree is the beauty and has attraction for aesthetic watchers. According to ‘’sharia, the word ‘’Mushajarat, is used for the difference of opinion on religious issues among the companions of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) which is compared with dense tree in which the branches are mixing and striking each other, because the branches of a tree are in different directions which are not objectionable and cannot be termed as a weakness of a tree but rather beautify the tree. Indeed one can find differences amongst the companions of the Holy prophet (PBUH) but that is explained by the well doctrine Religious Scholars as ‘’Mushajarat, which is the beauty of Sharia and Islamic Fiqqah, because there was no hostility or hatred amongst the companion of Holy Prophet (PBUH) when they were explaining Islamic Fiqqah or Sharia.

Sonophotocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants in Aqueous Solutions under Visible Light Using Metal Impregnated Photocatalysts

The visible light induced semiconductor photocatalyst Ni impregnated ZnO was prepared by wet impregnation method. Impregnation of Ni on ZnO shifts the band gap from UV to Visible region. The present study involves the sonophotocatalytic degradation of acid violet 49 and acid blue 45 in the presence of photocatalyst Ni-ZnO under the irradiation of visible light. Degradation efficiency of sonophotocatalysis was higher than sonolysis, sonocatalysis, photolysis and photocatalysis. Photocatalyst was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Effect of different operational parameters such as pH, catalyst dosage, different oxidising agents, initial dye concentration, different scavengers, catalyst re-used ability, catalyst settling time and catalytic poisoning. Addition of enhancers increases the degradation efficiency and scavengers decrease the degradation. We found that Acid violet 49 and acid blue 45 degraded 100% at pH 10 in 20 minutes. Catalyst re-usability was checked up to five cycle and it gives a fruitful results. Kinetics study was also carried out and it was found that both of the dyes undergo pseudo first order kinetic model. All the experiments indicate that the sonophotocatalytic degradation method in the presence of Ni-ZnO was an advisable choice for the treatment of textile effluents.