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Effects of Hall Current on Flows Due to Non-Coaxial Rotations of Disk and an Oldroyd-B Fluid

Thesis Info

Author

Nasir Ali

Department

Deptt. of Mathematics, QAU.

Program

Mphil

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2004

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

61

Subject

Mathematics

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/M.Phil MAT/460

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676717672673

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دکھیارے

دکھیارے

                ’’دکھیارے‘‘از انیس اشفاق لکھنؤ کی زوال پذیر تہذیب کی عکاسی کرتا ہوا یہ ناول جس میں انیس اشفاق نے بہت سادہ اسلوب زبان اختیار کیا ہے۔ مصنف بہت خوبصورتی سے حال اور ماضی کے واقعات کو بیان کر رہا ہے اور ان واقعات کو حقیقت کے اس قدر قریب تر بتایا ہے کہ کہیں بھی کوئی جھول نظر نہیں آتا۔ مصنف نے ذکر کیا ہے کہ غربت اس قدر بڑھ گئی ہے کہ مکان کی قرقی ہو گئی ہے۔کرداروں میں ایک ماں اور اس کے تین بیٹے ہیں۔ ایک بیٹا ذہنی عارضے میں مبتلا ہے جس کو جنونی کیفیت ہونے پہ یہ احساس ہی نہیں ہوتا کہ وہ ماں کو اپنی وحشت کا نشانہ بنا رہا ہے۔

                مصنف نے ناول میں حالات و واقعات کو اس طرح بیان کیا ہے کہ تمام کڑیاں ایک دوسرے سے باہم مربوط ایسے معلوم ہوتی ہیں کہ بات میں سے بات نکلتی ہوئی محسوس ہوتی ہے۔ ناول کے آغاز میں ہی مصنف حال میں بات کرتے کرتے اچانک بات کا رخ کچھ اس طرح سے موڑ دیتے ہیں کہ بات ماضی میں چلی جاتی ہے۔ ایسا لگتا ہے کہ مصنف نے خودان سب حالات و واقعات کو قریب سے محسوس کیا  اور پھر قلم کے ذریعے اس کو ہم تک پہنچایا۔

                ’’ماں ‘‘ نے خود جس طرح حالات کا سامنا کیا  اور اولاد کو بتایا نہیں کہ یہ مکان جس میں وہ رہتے ہیں ان کا نہیں ہے تو پہلی بار پتا چلنے پر احساس ہوا کہ اس بات کو چھپا کر خود تک رکھنا ماں کے لیے کتنا تکلیف دہ تھا۔مکان کی قرقی ہونے پر راز افشاں ہوا کہ باپ نے یہ مکان گروی رکھا ہوا تھا۔ماں نے جیسے تیسے مقدمہ لڑنے کی کوشش...

Educational Stratification and Nation Building Process in Pakistan

Abstract Pakistan has celebrated seven decades of independence but misfortunately the nation is still divided into several ideologies, believes, ethnicities, regionalism, provincialism, political and social classes. Throughout the world, education plays a significant role in nation building but the terrible upshot in Pakistan is the division of nation in the field of education and learning. There are numerous umbrellas under which our educational system is running. Therefore, current study objects to measure educational stratification and its effect on nation building process in Pakistan. In this regard, this research mainly focuses on four major prevailing educational systems such as; privately managed schools, public schools, army public schools and madarsa (religious educational institution). Data were collected through focus group discussions and analyzed by applying grounded approach theory. Four major themes emerged after data examination. These are uniformity of curricular, equal opportunities, political and bureaucratic involvement and lack of moral education. Study finds that education system is badly lacking in uniform ideology and moral learning. Furthermore, the poor system of education is negatively affecting nation building in Pakistan by enhancing public distrust, discrimination and regionalism. The results of the present study may be helpful in finding the way for uniform educational system which provide learning opportunities to every child without thinking of their caste, religion, language, economic class, political affiliation and ethnicity.

Role of Hepatitis-C Virus Non Structural Proteins in the Induction of Insulin Resistance

Hepatitis C Virus is one of the lethal infections prevailing throughout the world. There are approximately 8.5 million individuals that are infected with this deadly virus in Pakistan. Hepatitis C virus is responsible for acute and chronic viral infection. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection causes persistent inflammation that leads to liver fibrosis, insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes mellitus, liver cirrhosis and finally hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There is strong evidence that insulin resistance has a major role in metabolic syndrome, and is a risk factor for increased liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. However the underlying mechanism of insulin resistance in chronic hepatitis C virus infection is not well known. The present study describes the molecular mechanism of HCV nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) induced insulin resistance. In this study, we elucidated the molecular mechanism involved in HCV nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) induced insulin resistance. In the present study human hepatoma cell line Huh 7.5 was transfected with HCV NS5A (Huh 7.5/NS5A) as well as HCV (JFH-1) genomic RNA was transfected into Huh 7.5 cell line (Huh 7.5/HCV) to discern the effect of HCV and HCV NS5A protein upon modulation of insulin signaling pathway. Here, we demonstrated that an increased serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (pSer307) and Akt (pSer473) in Huh 7.5/HCV infected cells compared to mock infected cells. Interestingly, the Huh 7.5/NS5A cell line showed an increased serine phosphorylation of pSer307 IRS-1 and pSer473 Akt, compared to the mock transfected cells, which is a critical step defining the downstream insulin signaling pathway. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), the downstream target of Akt, is known to favor gluconeogenesis. Our results revealed a diminished phosphorylation level of GSK-3 in Huh 7.5/NS5A expressing hepatoma cells compared to the mock transfected cells, thereby favoring gluconeogenesis. Forkhead transcription factor (FOX-01) which is another important downstream target of insulin signaling pathway, was shown to undergo reduced phosphorylation level (pSer 256) in Huh 7.5/NS5A expressing hepatoma cells compared to the mock transfected cells. Collectively, these findings suggest a molecular mechanism by which ectopic expression of Huh 7.5/NS5A modulates the insulin signaling pathway at post translational level. There are several gluconeogenic and lipogenic markers lying downstream to the insulin mediated signaling molecules (pSer307IRS-1, pSer473Akt, pSer256Fox-01 and GSK-3). In this study, we observed that Huh 7.5/HCV infected hepatoma cells as well as ectopic expression of Huh 7.5/NS5A leads to enhanced gluconeogenesis through up regulating the mRNA levels of gluconeogenic genes i.e. Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxy kinase (PEPCK) and Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P) compared to their controls. In the similar way, an elevated mRNA level of Diacyl glycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), a key lipogenic marker, was also observed in Huh 7.5/HCV infected as well as Huh 7.5/NS5A expressing hepatoma cells compared to their controls. Based on these results, we deduce a mechanism through which HCV NS5A is potentially capable of modulating the entire insulin signaling pathway at mRNA and post-translational level thereby paving a way towards insulin resistance, a metabolic syndrome.