فراقؔ گورکھپوری
آج کل رگھوپتی سہائے فراق گورکھپوری پر بھی ماتم بپا ہے وہ اس دار فانی سے رخصت ہوئے تو اپنے ساتھ اردو شاعری کی بہت سی رعنائیاں اور جلوہ سامانیاں بھی ساتھ لیتے گئے، فانیؔ، اصغرؔ، جگرؔ اور حسرتؔ کے بعد اردو شاعری کے لال قلعہ کے تخت طاؤس پر بیٹھ کر وہی شاہجہانی کرتے رہے، زبان کی زور آوری، فن کی ہمہ گیری، احساسِ جمال کی مرقع آرائی، رومانیت اور کلاسکیت کی ہم آہنگی غزل گوئی کی آئندہ ساخت و پرداخت میں رہبری، کیفیت و حلاوت کی رنگ آمیزی اور اردو زبان کی بے پناہ محبت کی فراوانی میں وہ یگانۂ روزگار رہے، وہ خود کہہ گئے ہیں:
کچھ درد دے گیا ہوں زمانے کو اے فراقؔ
یہ سوچ کر کہ بعد میں یہ کام آئیں گے
(صباح الدین عبدالرحمن، اپریل ۱۹۸۲ء)
This paper intends to discuss Qur’ānic concept of Divine Mercy in the light of couples of Divine Attributes mentioned at the end of verses in order to study what standards have been given for the best human conduct and how we may extract guideline and principles for communal amelioration acquiring well-balanced social rhythm. Conversely, what are the conditions and prerequisites that are responsible to make a person deserving and worthy of Divine Mercy as advised by Qur’ānic verses from within the domain of selected pairs. This paper desires to estimate the hypothesis that Divine Mercy gives rise to the better understanding leading towards broad spectrum of the subject theme where social betterment is greatly concerned. Employing analytical method, we may be able to know multiple dimensions regarding human life and its rectification. This study concludes that from the universal message of Divine Mercy each pair demonstrates its unique communication, which may cause to find the details for social amelioration as well as practical evidences concerning the better social milieu, instead of just concentrating upon theories and revolving around the ideas in relation to the concept of mercy. This communication finds that how these pairs mutually addressed the humanity to educate them commendable conduct along with preventive measures, for praiseworthy living. It is recommended that this discourse will provide a data from Islamic weltanschauung concerning Divine Mercy projecting an exclusive comparative stance towards different thoughts and religions.
Estimation of Direction of Arrival (DOA) of sources is a basic component of adaptive beamforming. The objective is to steer the main beam in the desired direction, while nulls are allocated in the direction of unwanted signals. It is an area of research which has got direct applications in radar, sonar, seismic exploration, mobile communication etc. Besides DOA estimation, amplitude, frequency and range are the other important parameters that need to be estimated. This dissertation is a contribution towards the above mentioned areas. These contributions are mainly divided into two parts. In first part, our contribution is to develop efficient schemes to jointly estimate the amplitude and DOA of the far field sources. Specifically, we have targeted the joint estimation of amplitude and 2-D DOA (elevation & azimuth angles) of far field sources impinging on 1-L and 2-L shape arrays. In the second part, we deal with near field sources impinging on uniform linear and centro-symmetric cross shape arrays. The basic tool applied to estimate these parameters are meta-heuristic or nature inspired algorithms, which are tailored and trained to solve the problem in hand. These techniques include Genetic algorithm, Particle swarm optimization, Differential evolution and Simulated Annealing. In order to improve the performance, the global search optimizers (meta-heuristic techniques) are hybridized with rapid local search optimization methods such as Pattern search, Interior point algorithm and Active set algorithm. We have used two fitness functions for the far field, as well as, for the near field sources. Initially, we have used Mean Square Error (MSE) as a performance evaluation criterion. This fitness function is based on maximum likelihood principle. The second fitness function is multi-objective, which is the combination of MSE and correlation between desired and estimated vectors after normalization. Both of the fitness functions are easy to implement and need a single snapshot to generate the results. They also avoid any ambiguity among the angles that are supplement to each other. The proposed hybrid schemes are compared with the individual responses of these algorithms and also with the traditional classical techniques available in the literature. The comparison parameters are chosen as the estimation accuracy, convergence, robustness against noise, MSE and proximity effects. To get the near optimum statistics, a large number of Monte-Carlo simulations are carried out for each scheme.