خلافت اور جمہوریت نتائج و عواقب عصر حاضر کے تناظر میں

Islām is a complete code of life. Man is the vicegerent and representative of Allāh. The role of vicegerent and caliphate can only be fulfilled in a complete manner, when the system of the Islamic Caliphate is established. It is the duty of Muslims to endeavor for establishing such a system in the world. The caliphate is the political title of Islām. It is, actually, the sovereignty of Almighty God on the earth. God creates its sovereignty by selecting the pious people from the humankind. With the help of Caliphate, unity, strength and equality can be established in the Muslim world. Democracy is the system of government, which is based on the wishes of the majority of the people of a state. However, the real democracy is the one in which wishes of people are directly or indirectly catered. An ideal democracy is the one in which all affairs of the country are run with the consultation of all the people. If the affairs of any state are run by the majority of the people, then that state will move towards its destruction. Allāh says, “O Muhammad.. ! If you obey most of the dwellers of the earth they will lead you astray from Allah’s way. ” The affairs of the Islamic state must not run by the wishes of the majority nor the minority of the people, but, on the values of truth and justice. The author of this paper presents a critical and comparative study of the Islamic Caliphate and democracy, and concludes that it is the Caliphate and not democracy, which is the true Islamic system of government.

Accelerated Degradation of Selected Azo Dyes by Some Microbial Strains

This study involves aerobic decolorization of three reactive azo dyes: REACTIVE ORANGE 16, REACTIVE BRILLIANT RED K2BP AND REACTIVE BLACK B by newly isolated microbial strains. After optimization of reaction conditions bacterial strain B1 gave 73%, 74% and 84% decolorization, Bacterial strain B2 gave 85%, 77% and 78% decolorization while fungal strain gave 90.5%, 94% and 90.4% decolorization of REACTIVE BLACK B, REACTIVE ORANGE 16 and REACTIVE BRILLIANT RED K2BP respectively. No cometabolic role of any organic substrate was found. Color removal rates went on decreasing by addition of heavy metals. Cobalt and Nickel showed greater inhibitions on % decoloristion than zinc copper and iron there was about 50% color reduction by adding 6mg ml -1 of all heavy metals. Hydroquinone was proved to be a good redox mediator enhancing decolorization rate but only at lower concentrations. Biodegradation analysis was monitored by UV-VIS SPECTROSCOPY, HPTLC and GC/MS. None of the formed dye metabolite was from carcinogenic, toxic banned amines.