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Semirings Characterized by the Properties of Their Ideals

Thesis Info

Author

Nawab Hussain

Department

Deptt. of Mathematics, QAU.

Program

Mphil

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

1992

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

51

Subject

Mathematics

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/M.Phil MAT/181

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676717721944

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فصل سوم: آیاتِ استفہام میں فہمِ عبادات

دین کی اصل توحید ہے قرآن کے مطلوب انسان کی زندگی ایک اللہ کی وفادار ہوتی ہے اس کا ہر سجدہ ،ہر امید، ہر اندیشہ، ہر محبت، ہر خوف، ہر دعا ،ہر عبادت صرف اور صرف اللہ کے لئے ہوتی ہے وہ اپنے رب کے ساتھ کسی کو شریک کرنے کا تصور بھی نہیں کر سکتا اللہ کے سوا کوئی رب نہیں ہے وہ واحد و یکتا ہے وہی معبود برحق ہے ۔

اللہ تبارک وتعالیٰ قرآن مجید میں ارشاد فرماتے ہیں:

" اِنَّ اِلٰهَكُم لَوَاحِدٌ "۔[[1]]

"بیشک الہ تم سب کا ایک ہے"۔

قرآن میں بہت سے مقامات پر ہمیں توحید کا بیان ملتا ہے۔اس آیت میں الہ کی بنیادی نوعیت یہ ہے کہ معبود حقیقی سب کا ایک ہی ہے۔ اس میں تعدد کا احتمال نہیں ہے یہ خدائی اور معبودی ہے نہ اس کے سوا کسی کو معبود بنا سکتے ہیں اور نہ ہی کسی اور سے خیر کی توقع کی جا سکتی ہے۔ یہ توحید ہی سب سے پہلی اور سب سے بڑی چیز ہے جو ملت ابراہیم علیہ السلام کی وراثت کی حیثیت سے اس امت مسلمہ کی طرف منتقل ہوئی ہے ۔ اللہ تعالیٰ اپنی ذات و صفات میں یکتاو یگانہ ہے کوئی اس کی برابری کرنے والا نہیں ہے کوئی اسکا ہمسر مسلمان ہونے کے لیے ان تمام عقائد پر ایمان لانا ضروری ہے جن کو ہمیں قرآن میں حکم دیا گیا ہے۔

 ارکان"رکن" کی جمع ہے اور رکن کسی بھی چیز کا اہم جز ہوتا ہے جس کے بغیر وہ مکمل نہیں ہوسکتی ایمان کے چھ ارکان ہیں لہذا اگر ایمان کا ایک رکن بھی ساقط ہو جائے تو انسان مومن نہیں رہتا خواہ وہ لاکھ ایمان کے دعوے کرتا رہے جیسے...

History as Profession and as Political Capital

History comes to us from various agencies not just academics in schools and colleges; but diverse inputs to all those who haven’t studied history, like popular history, through cinema, poetry, folklore, myths, theatre; history has several modes of percolation to society. Also, a kind of history is propagated in an organised manner as is done by organisations as RSS which is a practical approach to history as differentiated from an academic approach to history; the former is more political than the latter though both come with an aspect of politics. History thus has much wider reach than what is taught in schools or colleges.

A Randomised Controlled Trial Comparing Haemodynamic Stability in Elderly Patients Undergoing Spinal Anaesthesia at L5, S1 Versus Spinal Anaesthesia at L3, 4 at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi

Background: Spinal anaesthesia is a routinely used anaesthetic technique for elderly patients undergoing operations involving the lower limbs, lower abdomen, pelvis and the perineum. Spinal anaesthesia has several advantages over general anaesthesia and these include stable haemodynamic variables, less blood loss, less post operative pain, faster recovery time and less post operative confusion. However, despite these advantages, the sympathetic blockade induced by spinal anaesthesia can result in hypotension, bradycardia, dysrhythmias and cardiac arrests. Conventionally, spinal anaesthesia is performed at the level of L3,4 interspace; with a reported incidence of hypotension in the elderly ranging between 65% and 69%. A possible strategy for reducing spinal induced hypotension would be to minimize the peak block height to as low as possible for the planned procedure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the decrease in mean arterial pressures and change heart rates from baseline values (haemodynamic stability) of elderly patients undergoing spinal anaesthesia performed at the level of L5, S1 compared to the conventional level at the L3, 4 interspace. Objective: To determine the difference in haemodynamic stability between elderly patients undergoing spinal anaesthesia at L5, S1 interspace compared to elderly patients undergoing spinal anaesthesia at L3, 4. Study design: A randomized single blinded controlled trial Methods: Thirty two elderly patients scheduled for lower limb or pelvic surgery under spinal anaesthesia were randomized into 2 groups (control group and intervention group) using a computer generated table of numbers. Control group; received 2.5 mls 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine injected intrathecally at the L3, 4 interspace Intervention group; 2.5mls 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine injected intrathecally at the L5, S1 interspace Results: The two groups had similar baseline characteristics in age, sex, body mass index and use of anti-hypertensive medications. There was 68.75% proportion of hypotension in the control group and 75% in the intervention group. The difference was not found to be statistically significant (p= 0.694). During the study period, there were 106 episodes of hypotension, out of which, 65 were in the control group and 41 in the intervention group (p=0.004). This difference was statistically significant.Linear regression analysis of the decrease in mean arterial pressures (MAP) showed a higher decrease in MAP in the control group (p 0.018). There were more crystalloids used in the control group (1006mls ± 374) than in the intervention group (606mls ±211) with a p< 0.0001. There was no difference in the amounts of vasopressors used between the two