نارسائی
ایک مدت گزر گئی
گھر والوں سے کوئی فرمائش نہیں کی
ایک عرصے سے آئینہ نہیں دیکھا
دیکھوں بھی کیا ؟
خود کا چہرہ تو یاد نہیں
مجھ پر کونسا رنگ اچھا لگتا ہے؟
معلوم نہیں
میں بال بنائوں تو کیسا لگتا ہوں؟
میں مسکرائوں تو کیسا لگتا ہوں ؟
میرا آئینہ بھی میرے اندر کی طرح لکیروں سے اٹا ہوا ہے
Guided by the desire to contribute a little in the development of an innovative instructional technology for the teaching of electronics, this researcher constructed a prototype audio system trainer. Electronics teachers will find the instructional tool convenient and practical to use for visual instruction, laboratory activities and troubleshooting works in electronics. To support the functionality of the audio system trainer, the researcher developed a supplementary laboratory manual. The project whose production costs totaled fourteen thousand two hundred seventy two pesos and fifty centavos (Php 14,272.50) was finished in two weeks’ time. However, this amount is small if compared to the prices of commercially available instructional device developed for the same purpose. The completed project and the supplementary laboratory exercises were evaluated by selected technical faculty members of the College of Industrial Technology of the Bulacan State University, Bulacan Polytechnic College, University of Rizal System, and Lyceum of the Philippines University. Sampling technique as used in the study is both purposive and incidental. The prototype audio system trainer received an over-all mean rating of 4.62 which means that the project is highly acceptable on a set of criteria which includes – physical features, cost, function / operations, and durability. Furthermore, the supplementary laboratory exercises obtained a mean of 4.70 which could be interpreted that the respondents strongly agree on the validity of the manual.
This study examines the effectiveness of Basel Accord regulations on the banking sector of Pakistan. Pakistani banking sector has undergone a lot of changes and it has witnessed a remarkable growth from 1998 to 2015. Incidentally this is the time period when Pakistan started implementing Basel regulations. Since one objective of these Basel regulations was to reduce risk of the banks and enhance the efficiency of banks so the purpose of this study is to find the impact of Basel capital regulations on the risk taking and efficiency of Pakistani banks. The fact that banks are obligated to implement Basel also raises questions on how regulation affects efficiency and risk taking behavior of the banks, and how this effect has changed over time. By taking various proxies and using secondary data collected from balance sheet and income statements of banks listed in Pakistan Stock Exchange during 1998 to 2015 the present study empirically investigates the impact of bank capital regulation on bank risk and bank efficiency from beginning of Basel regulation in 1998 to 2015 in Pakistan. Moreover this study also quantifies the effect of different Basel accords on the banking sector of Pakistan. By employing the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), results of this study highlights that Basel capital regulations have reduced the bank risks taking, however the effect of capital regulation of Basel I and II on bank risk taken is not same. Though capital adequacy ratio for Basel I and II is same, however Basel II is more successful than Basel I in curbing the risk taking behavior of banks, thus highlighting the effectiveness of Basel II in reducing risks than Basel I. As far as the impact of capital regulation on the bank efficiency is concerned, it reduces the bank efficiency. However banks have seen their efficiency reduced more in Basel II, while Basel I impact on the cost efficiency of banks is negligible. Furthermore this study also analyzes the effect of other regulatory, firm specific and macroeconomic factors on the relationship between capital, risk and efficiency in the commercial banks of Pakistan. The findings of this study are beneficial for policy maker like State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) and management of banks to assess the consequences of implementation of Basel regulations in terms of risk reduction and efficiency enhancement. The results of this study are significant as they facilitate (SBP) to assess whether banks in Pakistan are following Basel regulation in its true Letter and Spirit. The findings of this study are helpful to SBP in formulating and enforcing suitable policies and strategies regarding risk management and improvement of the efficiency of Pakistani banks for the betterment of the banking industry in particular and stability of financial system in general.