Democratic Attitude of Youth Evidence from Pakistan

Since the Arab spring, youth have been politically active in Asia through various modes. Regime revolution or failed takeover on 15 July 2016, in Turkey is its vibrant example. However, it’s unfortunate that the political perception, intention or attitude of youth towards democracy have not been included in the process of policy making. As a result, youth activism in politics remained unrecognized. Therefore, present work is an effort to explore democratic attitude of youth in Pakistan. The state of Pakistan has been selected because 64 % of her population comprises youth. Current study examines democratic attitude through four major independent variables: economic growth, democratic values, public participation and political stability. Data was collected from the respondents who were in between 18-35 years of age by distributing a survey questionnaire which was adopted from the literature. Data was analyzed through SPSS version 24.0. Result of the study suggests that all the developed hypotheses were accepted. Additionally, study finds that despite massive corruption, social injustice, favoritism, nepotism, political instability, economic crisis and many other problems, Pakistani youth overwhelmingly considers democracy, as the potential form of government and dislike any alternative of it. Current study may be the first stone in the stagnant water not only in measuring democratic attitude of young generation but it will also help them to understand what sort of democracy is needed in Pakistan.

Mapping Formal Methods to Agile Methods ? a Futuristic Approach

The agile methodologies gain acceptance in last few years. There are two primary reasons, this method better satisfies the customer needs and do accept the changing requirements conveniently. The Formal Methods (FM) being considered tough and costly and are not widely used by the software engineers. In the past few years, there is lot of research work done in combining both the agile methods and Formal Methods. It is a promising contract to combine both of them. If agile and Formal techniques are combined in a fruitful way then they render closer to the prefect results. The Formal Methods are mostly applied to the safety critical software. A mixture of these two techniques comparatively delivers accurate and precise results for software development team, while ensuring the efficiency and appropriateness of software projects. The Formal Methods applied to the Scrum give wonderful results. There is a need to integrate the Formal Methods with agile process models to make them formal, versatile and improve results. Extreme Programming (XP) is mostly used for smaller projects deal with small team size and it is supposed that XP is not good choice for large project because it suffers from lack of documentation. There is a need to improve XP to use is for large projects, and for safety critical systems. For this purpose a futuristic approach for combining Formal Methods with agile methodologies, will be formulated in this research. A futuristic approach is formulated by mapping the Formal Methods to the XP. This approach will make it easier, less time-consuming and in some way less costly to apply combination of Formal Methods with XP to ensure correctness and appropriateness of the product. Let it be used for the development of safety critical systems. We map Software Cost Reduction to specify requirements formally; algebraic specification will be used before coding and Design by Contract (DbC) for safety critical system at testing on XP.