Antibacterial effect of Tradescantia pallida purpurea against fish (Labeo rohita) pathogens Antibacterial effects of Tradescantia pallida purpurea against fish pathogens

Diseases are recognized as one of the major restrictions to sustainable animal production which can cause significant economic loss in aquaculture. Even though there are various chemotherapeutic agents such as antibiotics and disinfectants in practice from centuries. Antibiotics have the potential to cause unwanted side effects as well as microbes get resistant against them. Now there is also a lot of research going to see the potential of natural products against pathogens. Tradescantia pallida purpurea plant has various bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannis and phenolic compounds Objective: The present study was conducted to testefficacy of Tradescantia pallida purpurea in chloroform extract against fish pathogens and also a comparison in methods (well diffusion and disc diffusion) was made Methods: Four fish pathogens (NP1, NP4, SCC4 and TS1) were isolated after morphological and biochemical tests. Erythromycin was used as control. 10 µg/ml chloroform leaf extract was used by well diffusion and disc diffusion Results: It was noticed that well-diffusion assay was better to inhibit growth of fish isolates as compared to disc diffusion method. It was noticed that Tradescantia pallidahaspotential to inhibit growth of pathogens. Conclusions: So, there is a need to plan a comprehensive study to recommend the maximum dose that is helpful to control fish pathogens.

Exploring the Leadership Practices of Effective Teacher Leaders at a Private and a Public Secondary School in Giltgit-Baltistan

This study was conducted in two secondary schools, one belonging to a public and the other belonging to a private school system, in Gilgit-Baltistan. The primary participants of this study were four teacher leaders, two males and two females. I selected them through purposive sampling. Moreover, two groups of students, two community members and two head teachers from both the schools were selected as secondary participants. I used the qualitative case study methodology to explore the practices of participant teachers in the classroom, school and community through in- depth interviews, focus group discussions and classroom observations. These multiple data sources allowed me to explore the practices of participant teachers in the three realms. The key findings of the study suggest that in their classrooms, participant teachers strive to promote in- depth student learning using student-centred teaching as well as innovative methods of teaching and building close relationship with the students. In the school, they develop a cooperative and collegial environment by changing the existing practices and taking new initiatives such as teamwork and support. In the community realm, they try to develop a good relationship among the school, parents and the wider community. They develop linkages between parents, youth, management and school and also participate voluntarily in social services in the community for community development. In sum, implications of these findings for teachers, school or system are presented as recommendations. Teachers should develop a shared learning culture among their colleagues and develop a collaborative culture in the school and the management should provide teachers with the skills and knowledge necessary for continued instructional improvement which ultimately, enhances student learning.