پروفیسر مسعود حسن
(پروفیسر مختارالدین احمد)
علمی و ادبی دنیا میں یہ خبر افسوس کے ساتھ سنی گئی کہ ۲۷؍ مئی ۱۹۹۲ء کی شب کو عربی و فارسی کے مشہور استاد اور اردو کے ممتاز ادیب پروفیسر مسعود حسن طویل علالت کے بعد کلکتہ میں وفات پاگئے۔ خدا ان کی مغفرت فرمائے اور انہیں جنت الفردوس میں جگہ دے۔
مسعود حسن ۵؍ نومبر ۱۹۲۰ء کو اپنے وطن کھگول (دانا پور) ضلع پٹنہ کے ایک ممتاز اہلحدیث خاندان میں پیدا ہوئے جو وہاں کئی پشتوں سے آباد تھا اور اپنے مذہبی اور علمی خدمات کی وجہ سے مشہور تھا۔ ان کے والد منشی غلام قادر نے انہیں ان کے حقیقی ماموں حکیم مولانا محمد حسن (۱۸۸۰ء۔ ۱۹۶۱ء) کے سپرد کردیا جن کے سایۂ عاطفت میں ان کی ابتدائی تعلیم و تربیت ہوئی، متوسطات کی تعلیم مدرسۂ فیض عام مؤناتھ بھنجن ضلع اعظم گڑھ میں پاکر وہ ۱۹۳۳ء میں مدرسۂ اسلامیہ شمس الہدیٰ میں داخل ہوئے جہاں مدرسہ اکزامنیشن بورڈ سے ۳۳ء میں انھوں نے ’’مولوی‘‘ اور ۱۹۳۵ء میں ’’عالم‘‘ کے امتحانات میں کامیابی حاصل کی وہاں کے اساتذہ میں مولانا محمد سہول عثمانی، اصغر حسین بہاری، مولانا سید دیانت حسین دربھنگوی، مولانا ظفرالدین قادری (۱۸۸۵ء۔ ۱۹۶۲ء)، مولانا سید شاہ عبیداﷲ (متونی ۱۵ جمادی الاخریٰ ۱۳۵۸ھ، مولانا عبدالشکور آہ ؔؔ مظفر پوری اور مولانا سید عبدالسبحان دسنوی کے نام یاد آتے ہیں۔ مولانا محمد سہول، مولانا اصغر حسین اور مولانا عبدالشکور مدرسۂ دیوبند کے تعلیم یافتہ تھے اور شیخ الہند مولانا محمود حسنؒ کے شاگرد، مولانا دیانت حسین نے مدرسۂ عالیہ رام پور میں تعلیم حاصل کی تھی اور وہ معقولات میں مولانا فضل حق خیر آبادی اور مولانا حکیم برکات احمد بہاری ثم ٹونکی کے اہم تلاندہ میں تھے۔ مولانا ظفر الدین قادری، مولانا احمد حسن کانپوریؒ کے شاگرد تھے وہ مدرسۂ منظر اسلام بریلی کے فارغ التحصیل...
One of the core issues in contemporary economic trends is the fair and just distribution of wealth into the society. In this research, a comparative study of ‘distribution of wealth’ in Capitalism, Communism and Islam has been conducted. Qualitative research method is adopted for the analysis of data. The review of literature reveals that central ideas of Capitalism, Communism and Islam are ‘liberty’, ‘equality’ and ‘justice’ respectively. After evaluating the basic infrastructure, methodological framework and practical consequences of these three systems, it has been established that Capitalism and Communism have badly failed in maintaining fair distribution of wealth. Both (Capitalism and Communism) enhanced global inequality which could be assessed from the present economic condition of world as half the world’s wealth is now in the hands of just 1% of the population. On the other hand, Islam has ensured the just distribution of wealth by taking two revolutionary steps: by giving 18 compulsory and 6 optional commandments about circulation of wealth and by overruling all means of hoarding. Moreover, unlike Capitalism and Communism, Islam has given special instructions to distribute wealth among poor, disable, and helpless persons of society who are incapable of participating in the process of production. These measures promote peace and prosperity in society and reduce the ratio of poverty. In the light of above findings, it is concluded that only Islamic economic system can guarantee the just and fair distribution of wealth. It is, therefore, recommended that Islamic countries should implement the Islamic economic system in order to get rid of economic instability.
Job satisfaction is an important but a very complex issue, as it is all about human behavior, which is difficult to measure (Saiti, 2007). Knowledge of an employees' level of satisfaction is important for both the organization and the employee because of its (job satisfaction) association with workplace productivity. Furthermore, the knowledge of employees' lack of satisfaction with certain facets of the job will also prompt necessary measures by the employer for improving that aspect, so that the employees' well-being and productivity can be improved. The studies around the area of job satisfaction have explored various aspects of a job and the relationship between job satisfaction and the contributing factors affecting it, which, sometimes, have yielded inconsistent and contradictory findings. The present study is an attempt to explore job satisfaction of teachers of private and government schools in the context of Pakistan. In particular, the study aimed at exploring the overall level of job satisfaction of teachers of Karachi, Pakistan and to see if there is a difference of satisfaction with job between government and private schools' teachers. An important focus of the study was to see to what extent demographic characteristics such as, age, qualification, length of service and salary affect teachers' satisfaction level. A questionnaire of Job Satisfaction Survey (Spector, 1985) was adapted and administered on 500 private and government teachers with a return rate of 69%. SPSS was used to analyze the data generated from the survey. The findings of the analysis revealed that the teachers were somewhat satisfied with their overall job. A comparison between private and government teachers showed that the private school teachers had a higher level of satisfaction with their job than their government counterparts. The analysis also revealed varied level of relationship between demographic characteristics and job satisfaction. The findings show that the level of job satisfaction decreases as the teachers' length of service increases. In a similar way, satisfaction with job also decreases as teachers' age increases. Salary was also found to have negative correlation with job satisfaction, which means the more the salary, the lesser the teachers' job satisfaction, whereas academic and professional qualifications were not found to have any association with job satisfaction