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Home > An Ethnographic Study of Saraiki Village With Focus on Marriage Pattern

An Ethnographic Study of Saraiki Village With Focus on Marriage Pattern

Thesis Info

Author

Nizam-U-Din

Department

Department of Anthropology, QAU

Program

MSc

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2013

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

98

Subject

Anthropology

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/M.Sc. ANT/1390

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676717794384

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اردو آفرینش سے آغاز تک

اردو آفرینش سے آغاز تک

ڈاکٹر شاکر کنڈان

من نمی گویم اناالحق یا ر می گوید بگو : چوں نہ گو یم ،چوں مرا دلدار می گوید بگو

آنچہ نتواں گفت اندر صَومعَہ با زاہداں : بے تحاشہ بر سرِبازار می گوید بگو

بندۂ قدوس گنگوہی خدا را خود شناس : ایں ندا از غیب با اصرا ر می گوید بگو

                اوپردیئے گئے عنوان میں لفظ اردو اپنی دو حیثیتوں کا اظہار کر رہا ہے۔ ایک حیثیت لغوی اور دوسری اصطلاحی ہے۔ یہ لفظ کس زبان سے ہماری زبان میں وارد ہؤا اس میں کئی اختلافات موجود ہیں۔اکثریت اس بات پر متفق ہے کہ یہ لفظ ترکی زبان کا ہے لیکن اسی نظریے سے اختلاف کرتے ہوئے کہہ دیا گیا کہ ترکی میں یہ لفظ فارسی زبان سے آیا ہے۔ ویدیوں نے اسے وید کا لفظ بتایا۔سندھیوں نے اسے سندھ سے جوڑا۔کسی نے اسے اطالوی کا مؤرد قرار دیاتو کوئی دور کی کوڑی کوریا سے اٹھا لایا۔اس لفظ کو جب بطور اصطلاح استعمال کیا گیا تو زمان ومکاں کے ایسے ایسے نظریے سامنے آئے کہ عقل ہی نہیں بلکہ سوچ بھی دنگ رہ گئی لیکن ان دونوں حوالوں میں لشکر سے اس لفظ کے تعلق اور اس کا ایک زبان ہونے سے کہیں کوئی اختلاف سامنے نہیں آیا۔

                لشکر اور زبان دونوں کا وجود انسان سے ہے،گویا ‘‘اردو آفرینش سے آغاز تک’’کے موضوع کی تفسیرکے لئے تین سوالوں کے جواب دینا لازمی قرار پاتا ہے۔(۱) انسان (۲) زبان (۳) لشکر یعنی فوج

                انسان نے کیسے جنم لیا اس پر سب سے پہلی بحث جسے تاریخ نے اپنا حصہ بنایا چھ صدی قبل مسیح تھیلس Thales)) نے کی۔ بعد...

توجيهات نبوية لتعزيز المسؤولية الاجتماعية لدى الشباب

The role of youth in development of any society is vital. They are the vanguard of any nation. The youth cannot play their role properly and positively unless they understand their responsibilities fully. Creating sense of responsibility in individual of a society especially in its youth is inevitable for the collective and dynamic development of a society. The life of the holy Prophet (r) is a complete guide for all spheres of our life. It is evident from the teachings of the holy Prophet (r) and the general commandments of Islam that the youth play a very important role in socio economic and politico educational development. The holy Prophet (r) showed complete confidence in youth. He delegated them with different responsibilities, provided complete guidance and encouraged them for discharging their duties properly. The companions of the holy Prophet (r) who embraced Islam as a result of his first invitation were young between the ages of 20 to 30. The worst enemy of Islam- Abu Jahal was got killed by two young brothers. Likewise a young man Muṣ‘ab bin ‘Umayr (Ï) was sent to Madina, and Mu‘āz bin Jabal (Ï) and Abu Mūsá Ash‘arī (Ï) were sent to Yemen. Zayd bin Thābit (Ï) was directed to learn other languages. He also compiled the holy Qur’ān in Caliphate of Abū Bakar (Ï). The holy Prophet appointed Ḥuzayfa (Ï) to take census. For creating leadership characteristics, Usāmah bin Zayd was sent to different war expeditions. These are ample proofs of holy Prophet’s confidence he had in the youth.

Biosystematic Study of Himalayan Carex L. Cyperaceae

Diversification patterns within the Himalayan region have been paramount to the understanding of worldwide biodiversity. Apart from recent wide scale report, a hyperdiverse genus of the temperate region under angiosperm—Carex L. (Cyperaceae), consists of ca. 2100 species globally has not been examined in the Himalayan region, which covers 189 Himalayan Carex taxa. The timing, phylogenetic relationship and ecological diversification of Himalayan lineage in this remarkable genus were aimed to infer. Particularly inspected whether priority and adaptation to this ecological system, or both enlighten the success of radiation from the Kobresia clade (~ 60 species, among which ca. 40 are the Himalayan) of Himalayan Carex. The Phylogenetic patterns were evaluated employing maximum likelihood method (ML) of two (ITS and ETS) nrDNA regions and one (matK) plastid gene; the ML tree was used for time-calibration under penalized likelihood approach and with a fossil calibrated at the base of the tree. The estimation of phylogeographical reconstruction for ancestral ranges and historical processes was achieved with the model, dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis (DEC) implemented in BioGeoBEARS and reciprocal impacts of diversification were analyzed employing the model, geographic state speciation and extinction (GeoSSE). The climatic niche for all Carex species with available mapped georeferenced specimen data were assessed along with climatic records from WORLDCLIM, and therefore, niche evolution was estimated with a group of two models for adaptive range shift and inferring ancestral character states under Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (O-U) models and a Brownian motion model, respectively. During the exploration of Carex flora across the Western Himalayan range Carex simpliciuscula Wahlenb. (1803: 141), previously with doubtful record in the Flora of Pakistan, was confirmed for the region. The Himalayan taxa appears in three of the five reported major Carex clades, and characterized by multiple origins within each major clade. The oldest Himalayan Carex radiation was dated back to ~ 20 Ma, close the period of Himalayan orogeny, contributed to now abundant the Kobresia clade through longdistance migration from the region Nearctic. The Carex taxa in the Himalayas represents a heterogeneous model of diversifications derived from all through the cosmopolitan, however mostly temperate radiations. Several Himalayan radiations are relatively recently evolved, on the other hand, the most widespread and diverse Himalayan Kobresia radiation appeared at the lower Miocene. The timing and predominance of Hiamalayan taxa in Kobresia clade distributed in great elevation Himalayan meadows reveals that Kobresia may have eliminated other Carex taxa (non Kobresia) due to the consequence of mainly priority, competitive exclusion and historical contingency. A significant biodiversity needs to be discovered in order to explore new flora for the region. Around seventy specimens of 19 species collected with GPS reading of collecting sites from Western Himalayas (Pakistan) and 21 species requested from different herbaria, collectively made 40 for this study. Carex simpliciuscula, a new flora and numerous new collection localities for this region were explored. Additionally, morphological characters of pistillate scales studied particularly under scanning electron microscope seem to contribute to identifying taxa for the region. Therefore, these findings encourage further research on micro- and macromorphological studies of pistillate scales in Carex.