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Kinetic and Thermodynamic Properties of Invertases from Native and Gamma Rays Irradiated Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Thesis Info

Author

Noman Muhammad Zaeem

Department

National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

Program

Mphil

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2006

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

84

Subject

Biotechnology

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/M.Phil BIO/1839

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676717797708

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حاکم و محکوم میں فاصلہ

طاقت کا زور ،حاکم اور محکوم میں فاصلہ

                ہمارا ہمیشہ سے یہ المیہ رہا ہے کہ ہم اس حقیقت کو بھول جاتے ہیں کہ دنیا فانی  ہے۔ ہر شے زوال پذیر ہو جائے گی۔ پھر بھی قوت و اقتدار کے ملتے ہی ہم خود کو طاقتور گردانتے ہوئے اپنی زندگی کو حقیقت سے دور لے جاتے ہیں۔ ماضی کے دریچوں سے اگر جھانکیں تو بے شمار ایسے واقعات ملیں گے مگر عصر حاضر میں بھی اس  میں شدت بڑھتی ہی گئی۔ خاص طور پر مشرقی ممالک میں حاکم اور محکوم کے درمیان بڑھتے ہوئے فاصلے ہیں کہ جس کے نتیجے میں عام عوام کے خواب کانچ کی مانند ریزہ ریزہ ہو جاتے ہیں۔ ایسے چکنا چور کے جن کے شیشے آنکھوں اور ہاتھوں کو مزید چھلنی کر جاتے ہیں۔ دل میں نئی نئی امنگیںامیدیں سر اٹھاتی ہیں اوربالآخر گمنامی میں گم ہوجاتی ہیں۔ دل میں ہمیشہ یہ احساس ہوتا ہے ، کاش یہ اقتدار رکھنے والی قوتیں اس احساس کو ہمیشہ دامن گیر رکھتیں کہ اقتدار صرف اور صرف ایک ڈھلتے سائے کا نام ہے۔اقتدار نہ رہے گا تو خود کی زندگی بھی پھر دل میں آخری خواہش کی طرح سسکی کے ساتھ دم توڑ دے گی۔کاش وہ دن جان پاتے کہ اقتدار ایک آفتاب لب کوہ کا نام ہے۔ یہ حاکم و محکوم کے درمیان فاصلے آشوب قیامت برپا کیے ہوئے ہیں۔اقتدار رکھنے  والی مقتدر قوتوں کو یہ علم ہونا چاہیے کہ عوام کی فلاح و اصلاح ہی ان کے اقتدار کا واحد جواز ہے۔انہوں نے بھی کہانی میں کچھ اس طرح  ہی حاکم و محکوم کے فاصلے کا ذکر کیا ہے کہ کس طرح انگریزوں کی حکومت رہی ، ہندو اور مسلمان  جو کہ آپس کے جھگڑوں میں بھی انگریز حکومت کے پابند تھے اور انگریز حکومت فیصلہ صادر کرنے...

I’Jaz Al-Qur’an Al-Karim an Evaluation of Historical Discourse and Dimensions

This paper aims at an evaluation of various approaches to define and redefine the classical theory of the I‘jaz (the inimitability of the Qur’ān) in the perspective of the challenges and problems faced by the Muslim society emphasising a need to cope with the rational thinking, modernity, scientific progress, psychological advancement and civilizational development, though there has been a comparatively lesser description of the rhetoricism of the Qur’ān too. It provides an account of scholarship exploring some novel dimensions of the matchlessness of the Qur’ān in the contemporaneous context. They have justified rationally and psychologically the Qur’ānic historic challenge of producing a book or its some surahs or few verses similar to the Qur’ān that has offered the irresistible call to the whole mankind: “Say: “If the whole of mankind and Jinns were to gather together to produce the like of this Qur’ān, they could not produce the like thereof, even if they backed up each other with help and support”. (Al-Isra 17: 88) The same challenge occurs in the Qur’ān on three previous occasions (Al-Baqarah, 2: 23-24; Yunus 10: 38, and Hūd 11: 13) and later also in al-Tūr (52: 33-34). The content of all the verses referred to above is in response to the allegation of the unbelievers that the Qur’ān had been composed by the Prophet (peace be on him) and then falsely ascribed to God. All this was refuted. This refutation of the Qur’ān was logically established by the modern Arabic scholars through their sound arguments.

Food Insecurity & Poverty in Pakistan: A Micro & Macro-Econometric Evidence

In this study, we try to indirectly quantify the welfare of people in Pakistan through measuring the food insecurity, malnutrition, and poverty during the last decade (2005-14). For this purpose, we use nationally representative data from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) from 2005- 2014. The Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS) collected this data in five rounds: 2005-06, 2007-08, 2010-11, 2011-12, and 2013-14, which comprises 81102 households. We start our analysis with an estimation of food insecurity status of households and then move on to an estimation of poverty status, with the help of headcount ratios. We extend our analysis, with the application of econometric models to estimate the determinants of food insecurity and poverty and relationship between them. Results from the headcount ratios suggest that over the period, food insecurity trends of the households increased from 58% to 77% and poverty rates declined from 29% to 19%. However, we find urban households are more food insecure over the time than rural households. In qualitative terms of food insecurity, we use two food diversification measures: dietary diversity score and share of staple food in total calories consumed per household, which suggest that households’ dietary diversity score is good on average for 9 out of 10 food groups and on the whole it has slightly improved from 8.8% to 9% in the previous 10 years. Interestingly, when we analyze the share of staple food in total calories, the results suggest that a major portion of a household’s diet consists of staple food (wheat, rice and cereals), which increased from 53% to 57% from 2005 to 2014. To find out the determinants of food insecurity and poverty, we use Heckman’s two-stage model. In the first stage, we estimate the binary logistic model for food insecurity status to produce inverse mills ratios (IMR) and then sub-divide the data into two groups: food secure and food insecure based on the standard minimum caloric intake per day i.e. 2350. In the second stage, we estimate two separate models using ordinary least square (OLS) regression with time dummies to find the determinants of household caloric intake for the food insecure group. Results suggest that head of the family’s education and other household members, female head of household, livestock ownership, consumption of food crops and livestock produced at home, farming, and foreign and domestic remittances play a significant positive role in caloric intake of food insecure households. Urban region of residence and year dummies depict a significant negative role in caloric intake and food insecurity. However, it is important to note that the years 2007-08 and 2010-11 show a significant increase in caloric intake, while, year 2011-12 and 2013-14 show deterioration in caloric intake as compared to the base year 2005-06. Similarly, we estimate headcount ratios for poverty estimation and divide the sample into poor and non-poor groups based on the official poverty line, which is different for 5 years. Here again, we use the Heckman two stage model to find the determinants of poverty, and the results suggest that expenditure per adult equivalent(AE) (a proxy for poverty) has a significant positive relationship with head of the family’s education level and family members with basic and higher education level assets value, safe water, toilet type and electrification; while, household head’s age, household size and rural region of residence have a significant negative relationship with expenditure per AE. Importantly, all the year dummies show a significant negative relationship with expenditure per AE; expenditure per AE declined in 2013-14 as compared to 2005-06. To identify if there is a relationship between food security and poverty, we use the two stage least square (2SLS) that also overcomes the problem of endogeneity. Results reveal that expenditure per AE, female headship of family, percentage of earners in household, percentage of household members with higher and professional education, livestock ownership, consumption of food crops and livestock produced at home, farming, have a significant positive impact on caloric intake over the time. For long run estimates of food insecurity and poverty, we use the Auto Regressive Distributive Lag Model (ARDL) model that uses data from 1973-2013 and 1974-2016 for both models, respectively. The results demonstrates that food insecurity has a significant long run relationship with milk and wheat production and trade openness, while poverty has a significant long run relationship with Gini coefficients, inflation, unemployment, and agricultural growth rate. The results suggest that women’s empowerment, education and livestock production should be promoted through different sophisticated policies. However, as urban regions are more food insecure while rural ones are more income poor, separate policies are needed.