مفهوم الأدب الإسلامي و إسلامية الأدب عبر العصور

Islamic literature is a term referring to the school of thought who believes that a good literary work should view God, man and the world through the lens of Islam. It is conceived that the style of such literature must be of high quality with the Qur’ān, Ḥadith and the legacy of the Islamic scholars being its model. Islamic literature is a universal literature and can be written in any language. However, most of what has been written on the theory and practice of Islamic literature is in Arabic. This study discusses the model of Islamic literature in era of Islam, Umayyad period, Abbasid period, and Modern world. Topics of Islamic literature in modern times are dealing with the moral values ​​in the Qur’ān and the Sunnah of the Prophet, peace be upon him.  It discusses Jurisprudence in worship Biography of the Prophet and Praise of the Prophet and his companions God bless them all. The deep knowledge of Arabic language and Islamic literature solves the social and cultural problems around the world.

Evolving Trends in Independent Component Analysis With Application

The thesis is aimed to explore ICA to comprehend massive data fully. Financial time series’ data from KSE is used to compute ICs with JADE, SOBI, and FastICA algorithms and a deep insight of the series is targeted through study of the internal structure. Attempts from different directions are made to achieve the goal. Ordering of the ICs to define their priority in retention is addressed. A new regression based method is successfully introduced where regression coefficients obtained by regressing the original series on ICs are used. The magnitudes of the mixing coefficients are compared with regression coefficients for their compatibility to determine the order of the ICs. A novel approach, based upon comparing original and reconstructed series gauged through is proposed to decide how many ICs should be retained to reconstruct the series successfully. Identification of clusters is attempted to reduce the dimensionality in natural way. Two ICA based approaches namely adapted estimated mixing coefficients approach and ranked approach have been proposed and demonstrated. The first approach is based upon sum of squares of mixing coefficients whereas the second approach uses rank order of at predefined threshold levels. Internal and external structures of clusters are also explored through different metrics. Moreover, compatibility of the clusters is contrasted with the available grouping mechanisms. Keywords: Dimension Reduction; Financial Time Series; Ordering ICs; Reconstruction of Series; Regression; Clustering