جدید انسان کی سرمایہ دارانہ اور مادیت پسند فکر نے قدرتی ماحول اور قدرتی وسائل کا بری طرح استحصال کیا ہے اور حیاتِ انسانی وحیوانی کی بقا کو تباہی کے دہانے پر پہنچا دیا ہے۔ حضرت انسان کی غفلت اور لا پرواہی سے قدرتی وسائل و ذرائع کی بقا کا مسئلہ اس وقت پوری دنیا کے لئے سنگین شکل اختیار کرگیا ہے۔یہ بات روز ِروشن کی طرح عیاں ہے کہ جدید انسان نے ماحول اور اس میں پائے جانے والے قدرتی وسائل کے تحفظ کو یکسر نظرانداز کردیا ہے ۔ جس کی بنا پر قدرتی وسائل ہوا، پانی ،معدنیات، حیوانات ،نباتات اور زمین کی طبعی ، کیمیائی اور حیاتیاتی خصوصیات میں ناپسندیدہ اور نامناسب تبدیلیاں پیدا ہو تی جار ہی ہیں، اس طرح ماحولیاتی تبدیلی( Climate Change ( ، گلوبل وارمنگ (Global Warming) اور ماحولیاتی آلودگی (Environmental Pollution ) کا مسئلہ پیداہوگیا ہے۔ ٹریٹمنٹ پلانٹس کی تنصیب کے بغیر نئے نئے کارخانےقائم ہورہے ہیں۔ ان صنعتی اداروں میں ماحولیاتی سہولیات کی عدم موجودگی کی وجہ سے ماحول میں گرین ہاؤسز گیسزکی مقدار بڑھتی جارہی ہے اور یوں قدرتی ماحول بری طرح متاثر ہورہاہے۔
یہ بات طے شدہ ہے کہ اللہ تعالیٰ کی تخلیق کردہ ضروریات حیات یعنی قدرتی وسائل میں سے ہوا،پانی ،نباتات ،حیوانات، صاف ماحول پر انسانی زندگی کا انحصار اتنا زیادہ ہے کہ ان کے بغیر کوئی انسان زندگی گزارنے کا تصور بھی نہیں کر سکتا ۔ جبکہ عالمی سطح پر موسمیاتی تبدیلیوں کے اثرات ہر گزرتے دن کے ساتھ ساتھ شدید سے شدید تر ہوتے جارہے ہیں ۔ ایک تازہ ترین عالمی تحقیقی رپورٹ بتاتی ہےکہ عالمی موسمیاتی تبدیلی سے 2 دہائیوں میں عالمی معیشت کو 16 ہزار ارب ڈالر کا نقصان پہنچ چکا ہے۔ستم ظریفی کی بات یہ ہے سب سے زیادہ جانی و معاشی نقصان ترقی...
Background of the study: Tibia Vara is defined as a growth abnormality which leads to Varus malalignment of the lower limb. It is caused by excessive loading on the medial part of proximal tibia. Progressive Tibia Vara can result in a bowleg deformity which is most noticeable in posteromedial part of upper tibial physis. Other than that, it gives rise to in toeing of feet and lateral knee thrust, altering the normal biomechanics of an individual. This study aim to determine the frequency of Tibia Vara among obese adolescents (13-18years).
Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done using non probability convenient sampling. Total 214 obese adolescents of age range 13 to 18 years were recruited from different parks and schools of Lahore. Adolescents with BMI less than 30 and with history of fracture or dislocation in the lower limb were excluded from the study. Manual goniometer was used to assess tibia vara in obese adolescent which had an intra-rater reliability of 0.75.
Results: Out of 214 obese adolescents, 128 were male and 86 were female. The percentage of Tibia Vara in this population was found to be 38% (n= 82). Whereas; on the basis of gender, male participants presenting with Tibia vara was found to be 26% (n= 56) and the percentage of females reported with Tibia vara was only 12% (n= 26).
Conclusion: Tibia vara had been reported in 38% of the obese adolescents in Lahore, Pakistan. Whereas, on the basis of gender most frequently tibia vara was reported among male participants.
Title: Post-Independence / Post-Colonial Pakistani Fiction in English: A Socio-Political Study with Focus on Twilight in Delhi, The Murder of Aziz Khan, Ice-Candy-Man and Moth Smoke Since Independence in 1947, Pakistan, as a nation and state, has been grappling with socio-political and economic problems, the issue of national identity and even an existential dilemma. Its postcolonial existence has also been threatened by the failure of its leadership that lacked imagination and vision. Therefore, questions like “Can Pakistan survive?” have often been posed by the political pundits. The subject of this research is how Pakistan’s national texts, particularly creative writings in English, reflect socio-cultural and political transformations since Independence. Ethnically and linguistically, Pakistan is a pluralistic society, but the state has pursued centrist and unitary policies. Islam has been (ab)used to justify the unitary character of the state. Thus state and ‘ideological state apparatuses’ have been in collision with the natural pluralism of its society. Therefore, various conflicts have been raging and boiling over to shake the foundations of the state and the society. The response of Pakistan’s creative writers, with few exceptions, has been ambivalent towards these issues, until a new generation of young writers since early 1990s began to respond more openly and critically. In 1967, Zulfikar Ghose, with the advantage of geographical distance, gave a powerful critique of Pakistan’s new ruling elite in his novel The Murder of Aziz Khan. The same sentiments are expressed by Mohsin Hamid in his 2000 novel Moth Smoke. By analyzing these texts I have tried to show how Pakistan is frozen in time: its socio-political problems still persist with the same frequency and intensity. While analyzing Pakistan’s texts in English, I have tried to make use of the theoretical frameworks expounded by such social theorists as Michael Foucault, Antonio Gramsci, Louis Althusser as well as the theoretical underpinnings of larger postcolonial theory. The study has a topical significance as Pakistani writers in English, in my view, after a long period of marginalization, are registering a strong presence in the global academia. This dissertation aims at contributing to the growing field of Pakistani literary studies and the wider English Studies.