معروف محقق سید مظفر حسین برنی کی اقبال شناسی
اقبال کے بارے میں بہت کچھ لکھا اورپڑھا جا چکا ہے مگر پھر بھی اقبالیات کے ماہرین اور اقبال شناس محققین کسی نہ کسی نئے موضوع کی تلاش میں سرگرداں رہتے ہیں۔ اقبال کے افکار کا مرکز و محور قرآن اور حدیث تھا۔ اقبال شناس اپنی دلچسپی کے مطابق موضوعات کی تفہیم و تفسیر میں سرگرداں رہتے ہیں۔سید مظفر حسین برنی نے بھی ایسا گوشہ ڈھونڈ نکالا جو مطالعہ اقبال میں بہت اہمیت کا حامل ہے۔ اس کے مطالعہ سے تحقیق و تنقید کے نئے گوشے کھلیں گے اور اقبالیات کے لیے مستند ماخذ کا اضافہ ہو گا۔سید مظفر حسین برنی کا تعلق”برن“ (بلند شہر) کے ایک ذی وقار خانو ادے سے تھا۔آپ نے جس گھرانے میں آنکھ کھولی تھی اس میں خدمتِ علم وادب کی ایک طویل اور مسلسل روایت رہی ہے۔آپ 14، اگست1923ء کو بلند شہر میں پیدا ہوئے۔آپ کا تعلیمی سلسلہ بہت عمدہ رہا۔ آپ نے بی۔اے میں انگریزی ادب میں ٹمپل گولڈ میڈل حاصل کیا۔پھر انگریزی ہی میں ایم۔اے بھی کیا۔1947ء میں انڈین ایڈمنسٹریٹو سروس”آئی اے ایس“ کے مقابلہ کے امتحان میں کامیاب ہوئے اور ریاست اڑیسہ میں تعینات ہوئے۔
مرکزی حکومت نے آپ کی صلاحیتوں سے بھر پور استفادہ کیا۔آپ جوائنٹ سیکرٹری کمیونٹی ڈویلپمنٹ رہے۔محکمہ زراعت میں جوائنٹ سیکرٹری رہے۔ایڈیشنل سیکریٹری وزارتِ پٹرولیم وکیمیکلزکاانتظامی عہدہ سنبھالے رکھا۔وزارتِ اطلاعات و نشریات کے اہم ترین ادارے میں سیکریٹری رہے۔بورڈ آف ریونیو میں رلیف کمشنر رہے۔چیف سیکرٹری اور ڈویلپمنٹ کمشنر کے اعلیٰ ترین عہدوں پر ذمہ داریاں سر انجام دیں۔وزارتِ داخلہ میں سیکریٹری جیسے عہدے پر کام کر کے نیک نامی حاصل کی۔ناگا لینڈ،منی پور،تری پورہ اور ہریانہ کے گورنر رہے۔مرکزی حکومت کے اقلیتی کمیشن کے چیرمین رہے۔پبلک سیکٹر کے تقریباً آٹھ اداروں میں ڈائریکٹر کی حیثیت سے ذمہ داریاں سرانجام دیں۔بہت سی بین الاقوامی...
The Islamic laws prevent us from the evil deeds. As well as, according to Shariah, it is permissible and sometimes even compulsory to save the believers from the actions that may lead them towards the banned activities. Therefore, the ruling of prohibition from these types of activities is called Sadd-e-Zaree’a. This is the principle extracted from the Quran and Sunnah. As Almighty Allah forbade the believers to say ‘Ra’ina’ because this word was used by Jews knowingly in a wrong manner with evil intentions, whereas, Muslims presented their requests by this same word in the highest court of The Holy Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) for seeking easiness and relaxation in their concerned matters. As in Quran: O People who Believe, do not say (to the Prophet Mohammed- peace and blessings be upon him), " Ra’ina (Be considerate towards us)" but say, " Unzurna (Look mercifully upon us)", and listen attentively in the first place. [Baqarah 2: 104]. (To disrespect the Holy Prophet – peace and blessings be upon him – is blasphemy.) Another example by Hadith, in this regard, it is also evidenced by the good character of The Holy Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) that sometimes He stopped himself intentionally from the permissible activities lest the common masses may involve in undesired activities on the basis of The Holy Prophet’s act. Concisely, keen consideration is required on rational basis when explaining the Shariah rulings of any matter. Otherwise, the beauty andbenefits of the Shariah may be lost. Consequently, to prevent from the future turmoil is actually the spirit of Sadd-e-Zaree’ah. As this is the actually basic need and prerequisite of Shariah. It saves and prevents its believers form expected turmoil. Therefore, if the risk of turmoil would trigger with committing the permissible activity it must be abandoned due to the risk of turmoil.
The struggle to develop an ideal model for teaching English language has been going on for so many years. English language is the second language in many countries including developing countries like Pakistan. In Pakistan English language has emerged as a powerful medium for communication and learning this language has become the need of the hour for a successful career and life. The students of the developing countries encounter many problems while speaking in English language and the major among those problems is the spoken English language anxiety which hinders the progress of the freshly graduates from getting good jobs.The main aim of the study was to explore confidence of students studying in the Pakistani context in their spoken English skill, with a focus on developing a model of active learning using interactive activities for language usage. It is based on the premise that social interaction is necessary for the cognitive development of mind, as emphasized by Vygotsky (Verenikina, 2010). This research is a mixed method study which was conducted in a private sector university of Lahore city in Pakistan. A quasi experiment Pre-test, post test design was conducted on an intact group of sixty students taken from the first semester. The intervention was based on interactive activities that lasted for two semesters or 32 weeks. The data was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The quantitative data was gathered through two standardized research tools i.e. a closed ended questionnaire and the spoken English assessment scale. The foreign language classroom anxiety scale developed by Elaine Horwitz (1986) and the adapted version of Conversational skills rating scale by Spitzberg (2007) were utilized for the present study. The qualitative data consisted of the researcher’s observations recorded during the intervention. Results of the study Effect of Confidence Enhancement Techniques on Spoken English showed that the students’ confidence level improved when they were exposed to interactive activities. The students of the control group showed no significant improvement as they had been taught by the routine methodology. Thus it is proposed that such interactive activities handled by trained instructors should be utilized in the classrooms, which can lead to the development of more confident English language speakers.