اطہر صدیقی
اطہرؔ صدیقی(۱۹۳۵ئ۔پ) کا اصل نام محمدیسیٰن صدیقی اور اطہرؔ تخلص کرتے تھے۔ آپ چوہان حال برہان پور تحصیل پسرور میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آپ معروف شاعر پروفیسر حفیظ صدیقی کے بھائی تھے۔ حفیظ صدیقی کی راہنمائی میں اطہر نے زمانہ طالب علمی میں شاعری کا آغاز کیا تو ان کا کلام ملک کے معروف ادبی رسائل و جرائد میں شائع ہونے لگا۔(۸۸۴)
اطہرؔ کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ’’ کاکل غم‘‘ غزلوں اور نظموں پر مشتمل ہے جو۱۹۸۷ء میں شائع ہوا۔دوسرامجموعہ کلام’’ذوق سفر‘‘ کے نام سے ۱۹۸۹ء میں صدیقی پبلی کیشنز لاہور سے طبع ہوا۔ یہ مجموعہ غزلیات پر مشتمل ہے۔ تیسرا شعری مجموعہ’’آبرئوے غم‘‘۱۹۹۰ء میں صدیقی پبلی کیشنز لاہور سے شائع ہوا۔ یہ مجموعہ بھی غزلیات پر مشتمل ہے۔ چوتھا شعری مجموعہ ’’گردِ مسافت‘‘غزلیات اور نظموں پر مشتمل ہے۔
اطہر ؔصدیقی کی شاعری کا بڑا موضوع عظمت انسان ہے ۔وہ اپنی شاعری میں حضور ؐ کی ذات اقدس کے شیدائی نظر آتے ہیں۔ ان کے نزدیک حضرت محمدؐ کی ہستی عظمت انسان کی علامت ہے۔ اور وہی مثالیِانسان کا نمونہ ہیں۔انھوںنے نعت میں ہی نہیں بلکہ اپنی نظم اور غزل میں بھی عظمتِ انسان کی حقیقت کا اظہار کیا ہے۔
اطہرؔ کی شاعری عزم و ہمت ،جوش ،جواں جذبوں ،جستجو اور بلند حوصلوں سے بھر پور شاعری ہے ۔وہ اپنی شاعری میں کہیں بھی پست ہمت نظر نہیں آتے۔ان کے ہاں جوش اور جذبات کی شدت قاری کے حوصلے کو بلند کرنے کا سامان فراہم کرتی ہے۔ وہ عشق و جنون کے شاعر ہیں ۔یہ عشق و جنون انھیں عظیم کارنامے سر انجام دینے کے لیے ہر وقت تازہ دم رکھتا ہے۔ کچھ اشعار ملاحظہ :
ذرے ذرے سے پوچھ دیکھا ہے
دشت در دشت کون رہتا ہے
کون رہتا ہے لا مکاں میں اب
کس کی رعنائیوں...
Poetry is one of the most prominent spiritual genres of mystic literature. Most of the mystics have expressed their thoughts in poetry. Mystic poetry is replete with metaphors of “wine”, “cup”, “tavern” and “wine-bearer” although, in Islam, the use of wine is strictly prohibited. However, the mystic poets make repeated use of such metaphors. This paper aims to compare the use of the metaphor of wine, cup, and tavern in the poetry of Rumi and Hafiz. Further, it spotlights the hidden meaning of mystical metaphors to make it expressible. The current research is based on Ricoeur’s hermeneutic model of understanding text which Ricoeur calls the Hermeneutic Arc. This study concludes that the cornerstone ideology beyond the use of metaphors is to awaken the sleeping souls, the negation of material pursuit, and realization of spiritual truth---Divine love and unity with God. Hafiz focuses on freedom, an eternity of soul, joy, and immortality; further. While Rumi talks about enlightenment of soul, union with Beloved and strong faith. Rumi’s use of language, imagery, and ideas are more powerful than Hafiz.
The experiment was conducted in Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad to study the physio-genetic basis of drought tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa). Forty diverse rice genotypes were studied under field condition for various morphological traits in year 2008. These genotypes were evaluated for drought tolerance on the basis of physiomorphological traits and some seed traits of rice grain. From these forty genotypes twenty genotypes selected on the basis of desirable traits were grown in polythene bags to study the root shoot traits at seedling stage under normal and water stress condition for the selection of diverse parents in the year 2009. A total 28 SSR markers were also used to asses genetic diversity among the twenty genotypes of rice. More genetic diversity was observed between improved basmati rice varieties and advance breeding lines. All the 28 SSR markers showed greatest polymorphism among the rice genotypes. But some SSR markers namely RM-421, RM-254, RM-235, RM-544, RM-257, RM- 224, RM-248 and RM-590 showed highest polymorphism among the rice genotypes. Eight parents were selected on the basis of phenotypic and genotypic screening for the development of F1 hybrids by using diallel mating design to see the gene action among the parents and their F1 hybrids. All the possible combinations were made between the parents excluding reciprocals. These experiments were conducted in the green house and various morphological traits were studied under both normal and stress conditions in the year 2010. Stress was given at the reproductive stage. Data were analyzed by using Hayman graphical approach and Griffing approach to study the genetic variance and combining ability analysis among the parents and their F1 hybrids. Based on the genetic component analysis, both additive and non-additive components appeared important in the inheritance of most of the traits. Both additive and dominance type of gene action were found important in inheritance for different traits under study. Most of the traits showed constant gene action in both environments but gene action of some traits was affected by the environment. Morphological traits like Plant height, productive tillers per plant, primary branches per panicle, days to heading, days to maturity, 1000 seed weight and seed width showed over dominance type of gene action in both environments i.e. normal and drought environments. Panicle length showed over dominance only in normal irrigation conditions while seeds per panicle and seed length width ratio showed this type of gene action only in drought conditions. Some morphological traits like spikelets per spike, seed weight and seed length showed additive type of gene action in both irrigation conditions. Panicle length showed additive type of gene action in drought conditions only while seeds per panicle and length width ratio showed additive type of gene action with partial dominance only in normal irrigation conditions. From Griffing analysis genotypes CB-17, CB-32 and Basmati-198 were found good general combiners for productive tillers per plant, primary branches per panicle and yield per plant, specially under water stress condition. Maximum specific combining ability was found in Basmati- 198 × CB-17 for Productive tillers per plant, Basmati-198 × CB-42 for Primary branches per panicle and CB-32 × CB-14 for Yield per plant.