فقہ اسلامی اور منو دھرم شاستر كا تقابلی مطالعہ

Fiqh Islami or Islamic Jurisprudence is Muslim sacred law based on primary Islamic sources i. E. Quran and Sunnali and which provides code ofconduct to Muslims in all spheres of life. Manu Dharam Shastra or laws of Manu is one of the standard books of Hindu religious law. This article aims at comparative study of 'lawsuit in Hinduism and Islam' in light ofFiqh Islamic and Manu Dharam Shastra.

Common Fusion Oncogenes in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Their Role in Differential Diagnosis and Prognosis

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a complex genetic disease involving many fusion oncogenes having prognostic significance. The frequency of various fusion oncogenes can vary in different ethnic groups, with important implications for prognosis, drug selection and treatment outcome. We studied fusion oncogenes in 101 pediatric ALL patients using RT-PCR and interphase FISH, and their associations with clinical features and treatment outcome. Five most common fusion genes i.e. BCR-ABL t (22; 9), ETV6-RUNX1 (t 12; 21), MLL-AF4 (t 4; 11) TCF3-PBX1 (t 1; 19), and SIL-TAL1 (del 1p32) were found in 88.1% (89/101) patients. Frequency of BCR-ABL was 44.5% (45/101). BCR-ABL positive patients had a significantly lower survival (43.7±4.24 weeks) and higher white cell count as compared to others, except patients with MLL-AF4. The highest relapse-free survival was documented with ETV6-RUNX1 (14.2 months) followed closely by those cases in which no gene was detected (13.100). RFS with BCR-ABL, MLL-AF4, SIL-TAL1 and TCF3-PBX1 was less than 10 months (8.0, 3.6, 5.5 and 8.1 months, respectively). This is the first study from Pakistan correlating molecular markers with disease biology and treatment outcome in pediatric ALL. It revealed the highest reported frequency of BCR-ABL fusion gene in pediatric ALL, associated with poor overall survival. Present data indicated an immediate need for incorporation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of BCR-ABL+ pediatric ALL in this population and the development of facilities for stem cell transplantation.