امام خمینی
حق مغفرت کرے عجب آزاد مرد تھا
انقلاب ایران کے تاریخ ساز قائد، ایران میں اسلامی جمہوریہ کے بانی، روحانی پیشوا اور عالمِ اسلام کے ایک عظیم فرزند علامہ روح اﷲ آیت اﷲ خمینی مرحوم ۳؍جون بروز شنبہ کواپنی علالت اورآپریشن میں ناکامی کے بعد بالآخر وہاں پہنچ گئے جہاں ہم میں سے ہرایک کوایک دن جانا ہے۔ اِنَّالِلّٰہِ وَاِنَّا اِلَیْہِ راجِعُوْن۔علامہ خمینی کے انتقال کی خبر سے مسلم ممالک میں صفِ ماتم بچھ گئی، موت اَٹل اوربَرحق ہے اور یہ تلخ گھونٹ ہر متنفّس کواپنے وقت پر پینا ہے۔’’کل نفسٍ ذائقۃُ الموت‘‘ اور ’’اِذَا جَآء اجُلُھَا لَا ےَسْتَاخِرُون ساعۃ وَلَا یستقدمون ‘‘ فرمان الٰہی ہے۔
تاہم اس کار گاہِ ہستی میں بعض شخصیات ایسی بھی پیدا ہوتی ہیں، جن کے دنیا سے اُٹھ جانے کے بعد جوخلاء پیداہوتا ہے،اس کاپُر ہونا ممکن نہیں ہوتا ہے۔ یہ حقیقت ہے کہ موجودہ صدی میں جن اہم شخصیات نے جدید تاریخ پرگہرے نقوش واثرات چھوڑے ہیں، اور ایک لمبی مدت تک جن کی یاد باقی رکھی جائے گی ان میں مرحوم رہنما کی انقلاب آفریں ذات بھی شامل ہے۔
بلاشبہ علامہ خمینی کے انتقال سے سیاسی بالغ نظری، جرأت،بے باکی انقلاب، عزم اور خودداری کے ایک دور کاخاتمہ ہوگیا، علامہ خمینی اپنی ذاتی خصوصیات اوصاف اور کمالات کے اعتبار سے ایک پُرکشش، باوضع اوربھاری بھرکم شخصیت کے مالک تھے ان کے بعض عقائد وافکار ونظریات ،سیاسی سوچ و اپروچ اور طریقِ کارسے جمہوری اختلاف کے باوجود ان کی اصول پسندی، جذبۂ حرّیت ،ایثار وقربانی اور جدوجہد کی تعریف کیے بغیر چارۂ کار نہیں ہے۔
علامہ آیت اﷲ خمینی ۱۹۰۰ء میں شمالی ایران کے جران نامی ایک قصبہ خمین میں پیدا ہوئے، کل عمر ۸۹؍ سال کی پائی، بچپن سے ہی آپ کی تعلیم وتربیت ایک خاص ماحول میں ہوئی۔آپ نے اسلامیات ،دینیات ،فقہ اور فلسفہ کے شعبوں...
The concept of citizenship is one of the pillars upon which the modern civil state was built. The concept of citizenship can be considered as the basic guarantee for both the government and individuals to clarify the relationship between them, since under this right individuals can acquire and apply their rights freely and also based on this right the state can regulate how society members perform the duties imposed on them, which will contributes to the development of the state and society. The term citizenship has been used in a wider perspective, itimplies the nationality of the State where the citizen obtains his civil, political, economic, social, cultural and religious rights and is free to exercise these rights in accordance with the Constitution of the State and the laws governing thereof and without prejudice to the interest. In return, he has an obligation to perform duties vis-à-vis the state so that the state can give him his rights that have been agreed and contracted. This paper seeks to explore firstly, the modern connotation of citizenship where it is based on the idea of rights and duties. Thus the modern ideal of citizenship is based on the relationship between the individual and the state. The Islamic civilization was spanned over fourteen centuries and there were certain laws and regulations governing the relationship between the citizens and the state, this research will try to discover the main differences between the classical concept of citizenship and the modern one, also this research will show us the results of this change in this concept. The research concludes that the new concept of citizenship is correct one and the one that can fit to our contemporary life and the past concept was appropriate for their time but the changes in the world force us to apply and to rethink again about this concept.
The crude methanolic extract of Thymus linearis and its fractions were analyzed for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. They exhibited significant antibacterial activity against MDR bacterial strains. The maximum effect was shown by butanolic fraction against S.aureus, K. pneumoniae and Providencia species. The crude methanolic extract and other fractions exhibited low to moderate antibacterial activity. Similarly crude methanolic extract and its various fractions were analyzed for antifungal activity. The crude extract showed good activity against Rhizopus (14mm), Penicillium chrysogenum (10mm) and Aspergillus fumigates (10mm) respectively, while chloroform fraction showed no effect against Rhizopus. The n-hexane fraction showed low to moderate activity against Penicillium chrysogenum. The crude methanolic extract and its various fractions were analyzed for their phytotoxic effect. The phytotoxicity of butanolic fraction was significant, while moderate activity shown by crude methanolic extract, ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions of T. linearis. In in-vitro contact bioassay the n-hexane and butanolic fraction exhibited significant activity resulting 60% mortality of T. casteneum while methanolic fraction exhibited about 40% and 30% mortality of T. casteneum and C.analis respectively. The anthelmintic effect of crude methanolic extract and its solvent fractions showed significant results. The n-hexane and ethyl acetate fraction showed more significant anthelmintic activity, while methanol, chloroform and butanol fractions showed mild to moderate activity against Pheretima posthumas. The crude methanolic extract and its various fractions exhibited a concentration dependent antioxidant effect. The crude extract possessed similar antioxidant effect to that of ascorbic acid, while the antioxidant potential of n-hexane, butanol and chloroform were comparable to that of Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The ethyl acetate fraction showed lowest antioxidant activity. In in-vivo biological activities the crude methanolic extract and its various fractions were being very safe in acute toxicity assay. In analgesic activity the Thymus linearis methanolic extract (TLME) exhibited a dose dependent antinociceptive effect in both peripheral and central analgesic models. Similarly antipyretic effect of TLME was increased as the dose increased from 100 to 300mg/kg. The TLME showed significant antipyretic effect from 2nd hr up to 4th hr of experiment. The TLME, at the dose of 300mg/kg exhibited significant anti-inflammatory response 2hr after the carrageenan injection and sustained throughout the experiment. In nephro and hepato protective activity, the crude methanolic extract and its various fractions showed significant results, and n-butanol, chloroform and crude extract were more nephro and hepato protective while ethyl acetate fraction showed mild nephro and hepato protective activity. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was done of crude methanolic extract and its various solvent fractions which suggested the presence of different new compounds like amides, aldehydes, carboxylic acid, ethers, alcohols and ketones etc, majority of which are not reported formally. Fixed oils were obtained from n-hexane sub-fraction and GC/MS of fixed oils showed presence of important fatty oils which are biologically active. The ethyl acetate and chloroform fraction were subjected to column chromatography (CC) which resulted into the isolation of six pure compounds. The structure elucidation of pure compounds was done using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, COSY, NOSY, HMQC, HMBC, UV, IR, EI-MS and HREI-MS. All the compounds were isolated from T. linearis for the first time but they were reported from other sources as well. These compounds were β-Sitosterol, Ursolic acid, 3, 4, 5- Trihydroxybenzoic acid, Oleanolic acid, Benzoic acid and Betulinic acid. The in-vivo and in-vitro biological activities were corresponding with these isolated pure compounds. The antipyretic, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of β- sitosterol, ursolic acid and oleanolic acid has already been recorded. The antioxidant and antitumor activity of ursolic acid and betulinic acid has also been reported as well. This research activity significantly supported ethnobotanical uses of T. linearis whole plant as a traditional medicine for treatment. In spite of all this further thorough research work on the crude methanolic extract and its various fractions for isolation of secondary metabolites is required. Furthermore research activities on isolated compounds may give directions for potential therapeutic agent for management of different disease.