اردو ناول میں پس ماندگی کے مظاہر
حالیہ دور میں اردو ناول لکھنے والے چند ادیبوں نے اس بات کو ضروری سمجھا اور اس ضرورت کو محسوس کیا کہ پس ماندہ طبقہ کے مسائل کو منظر عام پر لایا جائے اور اردو ناول میں پس ماندگی کے مظاہر کو اجاگر کیا جائے۔ایک لمبے عرصے سے ناول کی ایک ہی تعریف چلی آرہی ہے کہ:It is a vheicle of social critism ۔اور میرے نزدیک یہ تعریف کئی لحاظ سے ادھوری ہے کیونکہ ہم معاشرے پر لکھتے ہوئے اسکے تمام عوامل کو نہیں لکھ سکتے۔ہم ہر بات پر قلم اٹھا سکتے ہیں لیکن پھر بھی کچھ حالات ایسے ہیں جن کی پہنچ ہمارے نزدیک مشکل ہے اندر کے حالات الگ بھی ہو سکتے ہیں۔ہماری سوچ کے مطابق حالات کو ہم جزوی شکل تو ضرور دے سکتے ہیں لیکن حتمی نہیں۔
ناول کی تعریف کو وسعت دینا ہوگی تاکہ زندگی گزرے اور آئندہ زمانے میں بھی اپنے ساتھ پیش آنے والے تمام واقعات کوپیش کرسکے ، ہر ناول کے فکری جائزے کی ایک اصل صورت سامنے آسکے۔یہ بات بھی درست ہے کہ جذبات و احساسات کی ایک حد ہوتی ہے جس سے وہ آگے نہیں نکل پاتے لیکن یہ بھی غلط نہیں کہ ناول نے ہی ایسے طوفانوں کا سامنا کیا ہے۔جو معاشرے کی چھپی ہوئی غلطیوں ،کمیوں سے پردہ اٹھانے میں کامیاب رہا ہے۔
ناول کی یہ تعریف ادھوری اس لیے بھی ہے کہ ہمارا ناول نگار اس بات پر ایمان لے آیا ہے۔ افسانے کی کہانی کو دس گناہ زیادہ طول دے دیا جائے تو وہ ناول بن جاتا ہے۔گزشتہ ستر سال سے یہ تعریف اس قدر راسخ ہو چکی ہے کہ اب یہ تعریف گھر کر گئی ہے کہ جابجا مکالموں...
Brought up in the context of a very critical time of Islamic history, Imām Muḥammad Jalāl’uddīn Qāsimī (1866-1914) played a vital role to reform and purify the ongoing mindset of the Muslims in Syria in his time. He was a man believed in an independent thinking in the light of the Qur’ān and Sunnah. He taught the people to get rid of the backwardness and blind imitation (Taqlīd). For this purpose of his, he presented the works of the previous leading Islamic Scholars as they were. He was expert in various fields of knowledge like Qur’ān, Ḥadīth and their Sciences, Jurisprudence, Dialectic, etc. One of his masterpieces is his exegesis known as “Maḥāsin al-Tāwīl”. It is a great exegetical work; as most of the exegetical aspects are entertained in it. It has nine or seventeen volumes according to its two different editions, including a whole volume of preamble containing eleven Rules of Quranic Sciences. Although the critics object to his copying the long paragraphs of the prominent Islamic Scholars without commenting or editing and on his long discussions that deviate the reader from the actual purpose of the Holy Qur’ān, but to present the material in this way for the purpose of reformations of Muslims and to bring them back to the way of Salaf through their words, in that crucial time, justifies the significance of the work. In this article, the author probes to present the mythology adopted by Imām Qāsimī in his exegesis and its scholarly merits.
Seed priming is used to regulate germination and manages the seed moisture and temperature, and for this purpose, the seed is taken in the first biochemical processes at early stages of germination and is an important process to develop food crops with enhanced nutritional values. Momordica charantia is an economically important medicinal plant reported for a range of pharmaceutical and pharmacological properties. In this study, some priming treatments with optimized conditions were applied such as physical priming (50 mT/5 mm/5sec, 100 mT/5 mm/5sec, 150 mT/5 mm/5sec), bio priming with bacterial strain FD17 (24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours), amino acids treatment (tyrosine 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% solution) and chemical priming with zinc sulphate (0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% solution) to M. charantia seeds. M. charantia seeds primed with treatments, control primed and hydro primed (control with water). Plants were grown in natural environmental conditions in the field. All treatments were compared for their impacts on plant growth. To improve seedling, parameters with the help of seed priming with different priming treatments such as magnetic, bacterial, tyrosine and ZnSO4 which are cost-effective, economic, non-toxic and eco-friendly sources were also applied. All applications enhanced fruit metabolizable energy, total soluble sugars, and proteins. With minor variations, free amino acids and peroxidase activity were also improved in treated plants. Other nutritive components if not improved even showed maintenance in fruits of treated plants indicating that no treatment was with any dire risk of nutritive loss. Antiglycation activity was improved in tyrosine and bacterial strain FD17 treatment. Further, the antiglycation potential of tyrosine treated plants showed a direct correlation with vanillic acid, ferulic acid, syringic acid and sinapic acid. Whereas, FD17 primed plants for their antiglycation ability were directly correlated with coumaric acid and chlorogenic acid. Expression of a hypoglycemic polypeptide-P from treated samples was checked through quantitative Real-Time PCR (RT-qPCR) and found maximum in FD17 treated sample.