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Computerization of the Financial Accounting System at Experts Advisory Cell

Thesis Info

Author

Raja Anwar Mahmood

Department

Deptt. of Computer Sciences, QAU.

Program

MSc

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

1985

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

90

Subject

Computer Sciences

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/M.Sc COM/655

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676717989825

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اسرار خودی

اقبال کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ کلام جو فارسی زبان میں منظر عام پر آیا۔ 1915ء میں لاہور سے شائع ہوا۔ پروفیسر عبد الحق نے مختصر تعارف میں لکھا ہے کہ اسرار خودی کا پورا کلام مثنوی کی صورت میں ہے۔ اسرار خودی کی وجہ سے اقبال مفکر شاعر کے طور پر تسلیم کیے گئے خودی اقبال کی شخصیت کا جزو اور
شناخت بن گئی۔ اقبال کے فلسفہ خودی میں انسانوں کی بقا کا راز مضمرہے۔ اور قوموں کی آبرومندی کا نسخہ شفا بھی خودی میں پوشیدہ ہے۔ پروفیسر عبدالحق نے خودی کے تین مراحل اطاعت ، ضبط نفس اور نیابت الٰہی کا ذکر بھی کیا ہے ۔ تمہید کے بعد دیگر ذیلی عنوانات بھی نظم کا حصہ ہیں۔اس مثنوی کا آغاز اقبال نے 1911ء میں کر دیا تھا۔ عطیہ بیگم کے نام ایک خط میں لکھتے ہیں :
”قبلہ والد صاحب نے فرمائش کی ہے کہ حضرت بو علی قلندر کے طرز پر ایک فارسی
مثنوی لکھوں ۔ اسی راہ کی مشکلات کے باوجود میں نے کام شروع کر دیا ہے “ (13)
اقبال نے کچھ اشعار بھی لکھ کر عطیہ فیضی کو بھجوائے ۔ وہ اشعار اسرار خودی میں شامل ہیں ۔ صرف یہ خط ہی اسرار خودی کی اشاعت کا باعث نہیں بلکہ اور بھی بہت سے محرکات ایسے ہوں گے جو مفکر شاعر کو اس بات پر مجبور کرتے ہوں گے کہ غلام اور غافل قوم کی بیداری کےلیے کوئی نسخہ شفاء پیش کیا جائے ۔ ڈاکٹر رفیع الدین ہاشمی لکھتے ہیں:
”محض اتنی سی بات مثنوی کا محرک نہ تھی ۔ سہ سالہ قیام یورپ، سلطنت
عثمانیہ کا بکھرتا ہوا شیرازہ ، ملت اسلامیہ کا عمومی زوال و انحطاط اور ان سب
کے نتیجے میں وہ ذہنی کرب و اضطراب ، جو کسی حد تک "شکوہ" اور " شمع و...

EFFECT OF STATIC STRETCHING OF HAMSTRING ON NON-SPECIFIC LOW BACK PAIN

Objective: To determine the effect of static stretching of hamstring muscle on the non-specific low back pain. Methodology: A Quasi-Experimental study was conducted in Rabia Moon Institute of Neurology which total 30 participants were included through non-probability purposive sampling. Thirty participants were selected who fulfilled our inclusion criteria, they were divided into two groups; group A or treatment group received conventional physiotherapy treatment as well a static stretching exercise protocol for 5 days. Group B or control group received conventional physiotherapy treatment only. VAS (Visual analog scale) and Oswestry Disability questionnaire, SFGD (Standing Finger to ground Distance,) PSLR (passive straight leg raise) for both legs were measured pre- and post-treatment. Result: A total of 30 patients aged 20-55 were included in the study. Mean age of the participants was found to be 37.88 years.  The difference in means of all the assessment parameters pre and post-treatment for both groups were analyzed through paired t-test. There was a significant improvement in VAS, SFGD, Passive Straight leg Raise PSLR (right leg), PSLR (left leg) and level of disability pre- and post-treatment in the treatment group. Conclusion: This present study concluded that static stretching of hamstrings is effective in decreasing non-specific low back pain.

Development of Hybrid Metaheuristic for Global Optimization.

Metaheuristics is a research area that delivers general purpose high quality optimization algorithms, proved effectual in dealing with complex global optimization problems. Success of metaheuristics greatly depends on their aptitude to establish equilibrium between their essential characters: exploration and exploitation. But the advent of No Free Lunch theorems by Wolpert and Macready established a general opinion that all algorithms perform equally when averaged over the whole function space and hence none of them can be claimed to be the best over the entire function space. For this reason, the basic algorithms require essential refinements and enhancements. The main goal of this thesis is twofold: to develop new effective hybrid metaheuristic strategies for solving selected global optimization problems and to analyze the performances of developed hybrid metaheuristics on mathematical benchmark functions and complex real world problems that can be modeled as global optimization problems. Generally, hybridization is carried out by integrating powerful components of different algorithms. The first hybrid metaheuristic proposed in this work is Controlled Showering Optimization (CSO) algorithm which is a combination of Artificial Showering Algorithm and frame based search mechanism. The second proposed hybrid algorithm is Cooperative Multi-Simplex algorithm (CMSA) that is based on collaborative search of multiple simplexes working under the iterations of a Non- Stagnated Nelder-Mead Simplex algorithm (NS-NMSA). The evolvement of the provably convergent variant NS-NMSA is also carried out in this work by identifying and coping the failures and stagnations of standard Nelder-Mead simplex algorithm. Multi-Simplex Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (MS-ICA) is the third hybrid metaheuristic which is designed by embedding NS-NMSA iterations in Imperialist Competitive Algorithm. The fourth hybrid metaheuristic designed in this continuation is obtained by integrating CMSA and Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm. In a specifically constructed computational framework, this hybrid algorithm in collaboration with Padé approximation is named as hybrid Evolutionary Padé Approximation (EPA) scheme. The efficiencies of developed hybrid metaheuristics are validated empirically along with some theoretical results. Statistical analysis of simulation results of CSO applications to diversified small as well as large scale benchmark functions is conducted for evaluating its computational efficiency and consistency. The posterior non-parametric statistical analyses of the results indicate significantly better performance of CSO algorithm. Theoretical convergence results of NS-NMSA are also accompanied by numerical simulations on reported counter examples and a test suite of 24 benchmark functions. The two proposed hybrid algorithms, CMSA and MS-ICA, are applied to solve physical nonlinear systems of equations and excellent results are observed. Finally the proposed EPA framework is implemented for numerical treatments of the nonlinear model of virus propagation in computer networks and the model of Dengue fever with incubation period of virus. Numerical simulations and residuals based error analysis confirm the abilities of the proposed hybrid EPA scheme to preserve the essential characteristics of the epidemiological models.