قیام امن میں حضرت عثمان کا کردار: تاریخی و تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Nowadays the entire world, particularly the Islamic countries, are suffering from a state of anxiety and insecurity due to terrorism. The terrorists are destroying peace of the world for the sake of their personal interests. They affiliate their terrorist activities with Islām, while Islām condemns not only terrorism, but also the violation of the country law. Islām is the religion of peace. Allāh, peace of title the with (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Muhammad Prophet His sent Almighty and granted him the name of religion as Islām. The Holy Prophet in harmony and peace of facade the build to life his all spent (صلى الله عليه وسلم) the society. His companions also exhibited human loving nature and. (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Prophet Holy the by them to provided roadmap the followed Ḥaḍrat Uthmān is one of those, who sacrificed themselves for the noble cause of peace. In this article, the remarkable efforts of Ḥaḍrat Uthmān for the maintainance of peace are highlighted. He was commited to peace even before Islām, and after accepting it, he played a vital role for the promotion and maintaince of peace. He the at (صلى الله عليه وسلم) prophet the of ambassador the as appointed was occasion of the Ḥudaybiyah Pact. Uthmān ruled a vast empire. Peace was a hallmark of his era. The evil plots against him surfaced only in the later years of his caliphate. These included objections regarding appointment and administration of the governers. He took every step to stop the disruption of peace, so much so, he did not allow the Muslims to fight for his defence, hence, sacrificed his life.

Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment of Lahore City Based on Modified Drastic Model in Gis

Water quality is considered as a major issue in the mega cities of developing countries. The city of Lahore has over 10 million population with the highest population density in the Punjab Province, Pakistan. The objectives of the study were to a) assess the temporal variations in physicochemical groundwater parameters and arsenic in the study area and b) create groundwater pollution vulnerability map of the study area using a modified DRASTIC model. The water samples (n = 73) were collected from tubewells and tested for arsenic and physicochemical parameters (alkalinity, calcium, pH, total dissolved solids, turbidity, hardness, and chlorides). Similar physicochemical water quality parameter data were also obtained from Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) for the year 2012. The data exploration was performed using SPSS software. ArcGIS spatial analyst, geostatistical analyst, Getis-Ord Gi* statistics and model builder were used for mapping the water quality and analysis of the modified DRASTIC model. Various interpolation methods (radial basis functions, inverse distance weighting and kriging) were used for mapping the water quality to come up with the best groundwater quality map. Comparison of different interpolation methods based on the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) closer to zero showed that kriging produced better results than the other interpolation methods. The spatial distribution map of groundwater arsenic of 2015 showed that the arsenic concentrations above WHO guideline (10 μg/L) exist almost in the entire study area, whereas, the concentrations are above the national standards for drinking water quality of Pakistan (50 μg/L) in some areas of Ravi Town (Farrukhabad/Shahdra). Getis-Ord Gi* statistics revealed a significant (p < 0.05) hotspot of arsenic in the vicinity of River Ravi. While in the eastern parts of the study area, the arsenic concentrations had a decreasing trend. viii The modified DRASTIC model revealed that 51.38%, 36.77%, 9.48% and 2.37% area could be categorized in terms of vulnerability as low, moderate, high and very high, respectively. The ‘high’ and ‘very high’ vulnerability classes were found along the River Ravi and nearby areas, especially in Ravi Town (Farrukhabad/Shahdra). It is recommended that the arsenic removal plants should be installed at all the tubewells with higher arsenic levels (arsenic concentration > 50 ppb) to provide safe drinking water to the citizens of Lahore. Moreover, the spatio-temporal techniques used for analysis of water quality should be applied in other mega cities for better monitoring and management of drinking water quality.