أحاديث الأحكام المختلفة على سفيان الثوري بابدال الراوي وأثرها على اختلاف الفقهاء

The differences in the transmissions of the Hadith have great impact on the disagreement among the jurists, and this sets in the diversity in Fiqh. This research is about the disagreement of narrators from Imam Sufyan al-Thawri in the Asanid of Hadiths which are collected from the book “Ellal al-hadith by Imam al-Daraqutni”. The difference among the narrators exist in the Sanad by the change of narrator in the Sanad, and it results in the disagreement its impact on the various jurisprudential issues between Jurists Key words: Canonical Ahadith, Narrators of Sufian al-Thawri, Disagreement among the Jurists.

Negotiating Multiple Identities Post-9/11: Hybridity and Transformation in the Reluctant Fundamentalist, Home Boy and Thinner Than Skin

The present thesis seeks to explore and analyse three select representative Pakistani diasporic pieces of fiction: Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2007), H. M. Naqvi’s Home Boy (2009) and Uzma Aslam Khan’s Thinner Than Skin (2012) written in the backdrop of 9/11. The research focus is on how hybrid identity (of the Pakistani targeted affectees in the novels) is transformed in the background of 9/11/2001 attacks. The novels negotiate diverse and divisive identities resulting in the transformation of individuals. Unlike a wave of fictional themes such as trauma, fear, disillusionment, Islamophobia, Orientalism, and so forth, these three novels attempt to portray the resultant multiple and conflictive identities in the post-9/11 chaotic world. Postcolonial theory, featuring cultural hybridity, has been invoked as a theoretical framework with particular emphasis on theorists like Frantz Fanon’s The Wretched of the Earth (1961), Edward W. Said’s Orientalism (1978) and Homi K. Bhabha’s The Location of Culture (1994). However, the researcher probes and substantiates the strategy of disengagement and detachment from the U.S., geographically and ideologically. The theorists and a host of fiction writers have argued engagement and reconciliation between the East and the West, whereas the current discourse in the selected texts reiterates disengagement for greater self-reliance and autonomy. Even Frantz Fanon advocates engagement and reconciliation. Cultural hybridity and transitional transformation are the dominant discourses to be argued in the case of The Reluctant Fundamentalist, Home Boy and Thinner Than Skin in the post-9/11 sociopolitical and literary milieu.