معین احسن جذبی
۱۳؍ فروری ۲۰۰۵ء کو اردو کے معمر ادیب اور مشہور ترقی پسند شاعر جناب معین احسن جذبی نے داعی اجل کو لبیک کہا، وہ اعظم گڑھ کے مشہور صنعتی قصبہ مبارک پور کے مضافات میں ۲۱؍ اگست ۱۹۱۲ء کو پیدا ہوئے اور علی گڑھ میں جابسے، یہاں ۱۹۴۱ء میں آئے، ۱۹۴۵ء میں مسلم یونیورسٹی کے شعبہ اردو میں لکچرر ہوئے، اس سے قبل ’’آج کل‘‘ کی ادارت سے بھی منسلک رہے، ۱۹۷۴ء میں ریڈر کے منصب سے ریٹایر ہوئے۔
جذبی صاحب نے نظم و نثر میں کئی کتابیں یادگار چھوڑیں، ’’حالی کا سیاسی شعور‘‘ کے نام سے ڈاکٹریٹ کا مقالہ لکھا جو اردو کی اہم تنقیدی و تحقیقی کتاب ہے، آخر میں اپنے خود نوشت حالات لکھ رہے تھے مگر یہ کتاب نامکمل رہی، ان کے تین شعری مجموعے بھی شایع ہوئے، فروزاں، سخن مختصر اور گدازشب۔
مرحوم کا شمار صف اول کے ترقی پسند شعرا میں ہوتا ہے، وہ مخدوم، سردار جعفری اور مجاز کے ہم عصر تھے، ترقی پسند تحریک سے ان کا تعلق برابر رہا مگر ان کی شاعری اس کی عام بے اعتدالیوں سے محفوظ اور اپنی بعض الگ خصوصیات رکھتی تھی، وہ اپنی شاعری کو خوب سے خوب تر بنانے کے لیے اس میں برابر حک و اصلاح کرتے اور نقد و احتساب کی نظر ڈالتے رہتے تھے اور جب خود پوری طرح مطمئن ہوجاتے تب ہی کسی کو شعر سناتے یا منظر عام پر لاتے۔
جذبی صاحب نے ۹۳ برس کی طویل عمر پائی، مدتوں درس و تدریس کے پیشے سے وابستہ رہنے کی وجہ سے ان کے تلامذہ کی تعداد زیادہ ہے، کئی یونیورسٹیوں میں ان پر تحقیقی مقالے لکھے گئے، کئی اردو اکیڈمیوں کے علاوہ غالب ایوارڈ اور اقبال سمان بھی ان کو ملا۔
وہ بڑے انسان دوست تھے، اپنے طالب علموں اور خوردوں...
We can divide human beings into two categories: Leaders and Followers. Leaders are a few, the rest of the overwhelming majority of the human beings are followers. They show an earnest tendency of following or obligingness towards their leaders. This capacity of the following is exploited and abused by the egoist and toxic leaders to bring destruction to their followers and the world. The author of the paper tries to explore and determine the motives of obligingness or complaisance of blind following. The author studies this phenomenon in the light of theories of the hierarchy of needs by Abraham Maslow, The Situational Factor by Philip Zimbardo, the Function of Labeling by Albert Bandura and Ego Depletion by Michael Cholbi. These theories have earned good acceptance from the experts. The theories are found helpful to understand the mentality of leaders and their followers as described by the Qur’ān. These theories are applied to some selected cases from the Qur’ān to reach a better understanding of the phenomenon. The Qur’ān at many places describes and discusses this human tendency. It presents dialogue between the leaders and their blind followers in the life hereafter, the person of Pharaoh, his maneuvering, his courtiers, the common people of Egypt, the followers of pagan chieftains and their opposition to the prophets give us ample description to know how blind following actually works under the influence of leadership. The author hopes that this study helps understand the mentality of the present day leaders and their blind or complaisant followers.
Vitamin D performs a vital role in normal and malignant cells proliferation and differentiation. Sufficient vitamin D status is crucial and beneficial for good health. It reduces the risk for bone disease, pain, autoimmune diseases, cancer, heart disease, mortality, and cognitive function. Epidemiologic and biological facts and figures suggest that vitamin D levels may influence breast cancer development. In body vitamin D activities are arbitrated through vitamin D receptor (VDR) and VDR gene polymorphisms are linked with the risk and progression of breast cancer. The present study is an endeavor to analyze vitamin D deficiency and its receptor gene polymorphism in 300 healthy and 300 women with breast cancer and also to determine the association between VDR genotype with breast cancer risk. In this study vitamin D deficiency was assessed by enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA).and serum calcium levels were estimated in both patients and control groups. VDR gene polymorphism was carried out by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and sequence analysis was also performed. Results concluded vitamin D deficiency in women with breast cancer whereas insufficiency in asymptomatic women. Low serum vitamin D and high calcium concentrations were significantly (p<0.001) associated with increased tumor size in patients. FokI genotypic frequency in healthy and breast cancer women was FF=55, Ff=3, ff=42, FF=46, Ff=10, and ff=44% whereas TaqI genotypic frequency was TT=15, Tt=65, tt=20, TT=20, Tt=53, and tt=27% respectively. Allelic frequency in healthy women was F=56, f =44, T=47.5, and t=52.5%, whereas in patients it was F=50.67, f=49.33, T=46.67, t=53.33%. In current study FokI and TaqI frequencies of controls and patients were compared with different populations by Chi2 test and a significant genotypic distribution difference of VDR gene (FokI, TaqI) polymorphism in Pakistani individuals was found. Vitamin D low levels were significantly associated (p<0.001) with both FokI and TaqI SNPs in present population. FokI and TaqI SNPs were significantly associated (P<0.001) with different age groups, tumor grade and ER/PR status of women with breast cancer. This study determined that vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent in patients than controls and vitamin D deficient women had 38.50 folds greater risk of breast cancer than vitamin D insufficient women. In current study premenopausal women with ff genotype had 2.416 folds increase risk of breast cancer as compared to premenopausal women with Ff genotype. The study concluded overall low vitamin D concentrations in Pakistani women and vitamin D deficiency may be a potential contributor of breast cancer in our population. VDR FokI SNP was found to be associated with breast cancer risk in premenopausal women whereas TaqI SNP has no significant association with breast cancer risk in Pakistani women.