آیاتِ قرآنی کے اسرار و حکم
قرآن ِ مجید میں متعدد مقامات پر مختلف اسمائے استفہامیہ کا استعمال کیا گیا ہے جو مختلف مقاصد کے پیش نظر بیان ہوئے ہیں، ذیل میں اہم اسمائے استفہامیہ کے استعمالات اور مقاصد و ضرورت کو بیان کیا جاتا ہے:
اسم ِ استفہامیہ :مَن (کون) عاقل کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہےارشارِ ربانی ہے:
"مَنْ يَّاْتِيْكُمْ بِمَاءٍ مَّعِيْنٍ"۔ [[1]]
"کون ہے جو اس پانی کی بہتی ہوئی سوتیں تمہیں نکال کر لادے گا ؟ "۔
یعنی کیا خدا کے سوا کسی میں یہ طاقت ہے کہ ان سوتوں کو پھر سے جاری کر دے؟ اگر نہیں ہے، اور تم جانتے ہو کہ نہیں ہے، تو پھر عبادت کا مستحق خدا ہے، یا تمہارے وہ معبود جو انہیں کاری کرنے کی کوئی قدرت نہیں رکھتے؟ اس کے بعد تم خود اپنے ضمیر سے پوچھو کہ گمراہ خدائے واحد کو ماننے والے ہیں یا وہ جو شرک کر رہے ہیں؟
اسم ِ استفہامیہ :أي (کونسا) عاقل اور غیر عاقل دونوں کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہےارشارِ ربانی ہے:
"اَيُّكُمْ اَحْسَنُ عَمَلًا "۔[[2]]
اللہ تعالیٰ نے یہاں یہ نہیں فرمایا کہ کون زیادہ عمل کرتا ہے بلکہ فرمایا کون زیادہ اچھے عمل کرتا ہے۔ اس لیے کہ اچھا عمل وہ ہوتا ہے جو صرف رضائے الہی کی خاطر ہو اور دوسرا یہ کہ وہ سنت کے مطابق ہو ۔ ان دو شرطوں میں سے ایک شرط بھی فوت ہو جائے گی تو وہ اچھا عمل نہیں رہے گا، پھر وہ چاہے کتنا بھی زیادہ ہو، اللہ کے ہاں اس کی کوئی حیثیت نہیں ۔
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Deedat. He debated with Christian scholars on very sensitive topics (from the point of view of Christianity) like ‘Is the Bible God’s Word?’ ‘Was Christ crucified?’ ‘The Quran or the Bible, which is God’s word?’ ‘Is Jesus God?’ and so on and proved almost all the basic doctrines of their faith from their own scriptures to be baseless. Throughout his life, deedat, faced a lot of criticism from non-Muslim scholars as well as from many Muslim scholars but he remained steadfast in his mission, and continuously struggled for preaching Islam through arguments and debates. He is best known as Muslim preacher who remained engaged in numerous intellectual inter-religious open debates with evangelical Christians, as well as video lectures, most of which relates to Islam, Christianity, Judaism & the Bible.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most paramount staple foods of the world. It occupies a unique position in cereal crops with respect to area under cultivation and more than 2.7 million populations depending on rice. In Pakistan, rice is an important food and cash crop and has the status of second staple food crop after wheat and the second major exportable produce after cotton. Despite much development in rice production technology research and developments, the yield of rice crop in Pakistan is very low as compared to other rice growing countries. One of the major yield limiting factors is the attack of insect pests and diseases. Among these, leaf folder (LF) Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Gu.) and bacterial leaf blight (BLB) of rice are of economic importance and cause irreparable yield losses every year. A comprehensive survey was conducted to investigate the farmers’ perception regarding leaf folder and bacterial leaf blight and factors which boost up the infestation of leaf folder and incidence of bacterial leaf blight and their management practices in rice crop. A questionnaire was developed; minimum of 50 farmers were interviewed in selected five districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Majority of the farmers (62%) responded that LF attacked their crop first while 30% farmers were of the opinion that BLB attacked first. Eight percent informed that crop was attacked by LF and BLB simultaneously. As most of the farmers (72%) responded that those fields in which LF attacked first, the incidence of BLB was high, while 64% farmers told that LF enhanced the severity of BLB. Furthermore, the interaction among leaf folder and bacterial leaf blight was also studied. Total damage area (TDA) in the combined treatment (LF+Xoo) was significantly higher (72.08±1.57) than in the combined treatment (Xoo+LF), single LF treatment and single Xoo treatment on rice variety Basmati 385 and same trend was followed by 2nd week and 1st week. This implies a synergistic interaction of LF and xiv Xoo when Xoo was inoculated after LF infestation. However combined treatment of (Xoo+LF) showed a significantly lower TDA (59.28±1.47) compared with other combined treatment (72±1.57) and single LF and Xoo treatments. The data regarding yield contributed factor and yield losses due to leaf folder and bacterial leaf blight alone and combined were also recorded. The data revealed that maximum 1,000 grain weight loss due to BLB was 13.22% and 6.79% for years 2012 and 2013 respectively, on Super Basmati followed by Basmati 515 and Basmati 385. The highest 1,000 grain weight loss due to LF was 7.09% and 1.20% on Super Basmati followed by Basmati 515 and Basmati 385. The maximum 1,000 grain weight loss due to combined treatment (LF and BLB) was 20.06% and 7.07% on Super Basmati followed by Basmati 515 and Basmati 385 during 2012 and 2013 respectively. The maximum yield loss due to BLB was 20.62% and 10.55% on Super Basmati followed by Basmati 515 and Basmati 385. The yield loss due to LF was 10.32% and 3.48% on Super Basmati followed by Basmati 515 and Basmati 385.The yield loss due to combined (LF and BLB) was 27.05% and 11.02% on Super Basmati followed by Basmati 515 and Basmati 385. The leaf damage data revealed that two wild species, Oryza rufipogon and Oryza brachyantha were resistant to LF. Fourteen genotypes were moderately resistant (MR), ten were moderately susceptible (MS), fourteen were susceptible (S) and ten were highly susceptible (HS) against leaf folder. Similarly results exhibited that one wild species (O. rufipogon) was found highly resistant (HR) whereas one species (O. brachyantha) showed resistance (R) response. Two rice genotypes showed moderately resistant (MR) response; nine rice lines represented the moderately susceptible (MS) response, thirty three were represented susceptible response (S) and four were found highly susceptible (HS) against bacterial leaf blight. These identified resistant germplasm can be used in breeding program of rice crop to develop resistant varieties against leaf folder and bacterial leaf blight disease.