ہیومنزم کے نظریہ پر تنقید و تحقیق: اسلام کی روشنی میں

Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that empha-sizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism and empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. Humanism as a philosophy today can be as little as a perspective on life or as much as an entire way of life; the common feature is that it is always focused primarily on human needs and interests. Humanism is a rational philosophy informed by science, inspired by art, and motivated by compassion. Humanism derives the goals of life from human need and interest rather than from theological or ideological abstractions, and asserts that humanity must take responsibility for its own destiny. Humanism is a democratic and ethical life stance which affirms that human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape to their own lives. It stands for the building of a more humane society through an ethics based on human and other natural values in a spirit of reason and free inquiry through human capabilities. It is not theistic, and it does not accept supernatural views of reality. Islam rejects the basic philosophical premise that humans rather than God are the measure of all things and that all intrinsic moral values are derived from human desires and needs. Islam, like other Semitic religions, teaches that God is the ultimate source of all moral values. Humanistic psych-ology concepts are too vague. Critics argue that subjective ideas such as authentic and real experiences are difficult to objectify; an experience that is real for one individual may not be real for another person. For this reason, critics believe that conclusions drawn from subjective experiences are almost impossible to verify, making research in humanistic psych-ology unreliable. In addition, critics claim that humanistic psychology is not a true science because it involves too much common sense and not enough objectivity.

Copying With Private Tuitions for Higher Secondary Exams: Dilemma of Students and Their Parents Living in Karachi, Pakistan

Over the past few decades Pakistan has witnessed an upsurge in the privitisation of education. With education turning into an enterprise a dominant sector promoting and endorsing the trend is that of private tuition centres. Appearing as the third most important and rapidly emerging education sector in the country, students and their parents are flabbergasted and forced to utilize this avenue in pursuit of getting high grades. This trend intensifies further in higher classes when the students have to appear in higher secondary exams. The results of these exams Are the defining factor to secure admissions into reputable professional universities. Thus the Stakes are too high and due to the blatant competition parents face a dilemma and have no alternative but to select the best tutors for their children at any cost. This research brings forward the point of view and coping techniques of parents as well as students who have to manage various factors to ensure private tuitions. Phenomenology was used as the research design to get in depth information of the lived experiences of the participants. The key findings revealed that students and parents are under an acute pressure during these crucial years of the academic life. They have to manage finances, resources and have to make multiple adjustments and compromises to manage private tuitions. It is the need of the hour that concrete steps and comprehensive plans must be devised and implemented by the policy makers to regulate the private education sector in the country that would not only lessen disparities but also reduce pressure on students and their parents especially in higher classes.