ڈاکٹر نکلسن
گزشتہ اگست میں مشہور انگریز مستشرق ڈاکٹر نکلسن نے ۷۷ سال کی عمر میں انتقال کیا، وہ عربی و فارسی زبان کے فاضل اور لندن اور کیمبرج یونیورسٹی میں ان دونوں زبانوں کے استاد رہے تھے، ان کا موضوع اسلامی تصوف تھا، اس کے وہ یورپ میں امام مانے جاتے تھے، انہوں نے اسلامیات اور تصوف پر کئی کتابیں لکھیں، اس کی بعض قدیم اور اہم کتابوں کو ایڈٹ کیا، اور انگریزی میں ان کے ترجمے کئے، شیخ ابونصر سراج کی کتاب اللمع اور مثنوی مولانا روم کی بڑی محنت سے تصحیح کی، یہ دونوں کتابیں گب میموریل سیریز کی جانب سے شائع ہوگئی ہیں، کشف المحجوب، مثنوی مولانا روم اور انتخاب دیوان شمس تبریز کا انگریزی میں ترجمہ کیا، اسلامی تصوف اور صوفیائے اسلام پر مستقل کتابیں لکھیں، عربوں کی علمی و ادبی تاریخ پر ایک مسبوط کتاب لٹریری ہسٹری آف دی عربس تالیف کی ہندوستان میں ان کا نام زیادہ سراقبال مرحوم کی مثنوی اسرار خودی کے مترجم کی حیثیت سے مشہور ہے، لیکن اسلامیات سے اس دلچسپی کے باوجود ان کا دامن تعصب و تنگ نظری سے پاک نہ تھا، جس کا اثر لٹریری ہسٹری آف دی عربس میں زیادہ نمایاں ہے، اور یہ کتاب علمی و مذہبی دونوں حیثیتوں سے اعتبار کے لائق نہیں ہے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، اکتوبر ۱۹۴۵ء)
This study elaborates the difference and connection between modernism and postmodernism eras while highlighting their backgrounds. The research highlights the teachings of Islam in terms of modernism and postmodernism. The research brings to light the influence of modernism and postmodernism on Muslim societies. What are the far reaching impacts of the modernism and postmodernism eras of Muslim societies and how well a common Muslim is equipped to address the issues related to postmodernism. The study primarily focuses on the related issues in Pakistani society and explains the role and the influence of religious scholars of their understanding of the terms modernism and postmodernism. The study focuses on the awareness of the ’Ulamā in addressing these global challenges and subsequently the future of Pakistani society. The study has an element of quantitative research and it indicates towards the on ground realities on the issue with the help of a latest survey on modernism and postmodernism.
The basic purpose of software testing process is executing a program with the intent of finding software bugs. Software testing ensures that software would work as it was expected by the target customer and likely to fulfill the assigned functionality. Testing provide mechanism through controlled dynamic execution of software and comparing the result against the pre-determined criteria to ensure the evidence of software quality. Software testing involves the execution of software and observation of failure and fixing the fault that causes the failure. In this research work, conceptual framework is proposed for Testing as a Service (TaaS) to measure the scalability of e-learning and e-commerce applications. It can be provided as fully automated service in cloud having elastic resources that can be granted or ceased on demand for real software. TaaS will reduce cost by providing resource sharing during the test for large information technology (IT) companies. It will provide the scalable and virtualized environment to address the Software as a Service (SaaS) scalability. The goal is to provide on demand testing. E-learning and e-commerce applications will be validated through our web service. As in automated testing there are some licensing issues and human interactions required, but in case of Testing as a Service code will be automatically tested for developers and end users to validate the software and to get certificate for reliability and scalability of software. An Agent based Cloud Testing as a Service (ACTS) framework is developed for testing e-commerce and e-learning applications. Different agents collaborate to facilitate the software testing as a service in cloud environment. Different software agents are grouped together to perform specific testing type with in the integrated framework.