تقارب عقائد کے لئے علمائے اہل سنت کی کاوشیں (ایک تحقیقی و تجزیاتی مطالعہ) The Efforts of Ahl al-Sunnah Scholars for Convergence of Beliefs (An Exploratory and Analytical Study)

There are many beliefs in the sects that are common, while the differences are very small and minor. The differences are usually of a sectarian, ijtihad and preferential nature. But the false powers are using these sectarian differences to spread extremist thinking, which is a poison for the Muslim Ummah. Closeness is essential for the survival of the Muslim faith. This unity should not be temporary but should be a message of intellectual and spiritual, material well-being, spiritual maturity and evolution of mental development and unity should be universal. No matter how much the two groups disagree, there are many commonalities. It is important for convergent beliefs to cultivate commonalities rather than divisive ones. So that the atmosphere of hatred is reduced and an atmosphere of unity is created. The history of Islam bears witness to the fact that the Imams, jurists, narrators and commentators have differed on a number of issues. Despite this difference, love, goodwill, brotherhood and unity prevailed. For such interfaith tolerance and harmony, mutual respect is also necessary. Key words: Convergence of beliefs,  Unity and solidarity,   Interdisciplinary, Shared, Sub-differences, Universal

Architectural Analysis of British Colonial Railway Residential Buildings in Lahore

As the provincial metropolis of the strategically located North-Western region of India, Lahore received special attention during the British rule (1849-1947). It became a hub of the huge railway network for a vast and growing economy spread over a large area. The city’s eastern part accommodated railway facilities of all types and residential colonies primarily for the European staff of all levels. Soon the railways became the largest employer in the city and helped to rapidly transform its economy from one based largely on agriculture to an industrial one. For accommodating this varied staff, comprising of a multitude of ethnic and socio-economic backgrounds, as close as possible to the railway facilities a large number of railway housing colonies were built in the east and southeast side of Lahore. With the passage of time the railway housing became the largest public sector housing in northern India. Railway housing from the English period (1862-1947) has been neglected by scholars in spite of its historical status and contribution to the social and urban fabric of Lahore. While researching this topic a number of questions were raised and thoroughly dealt with. These could be, generally, listed under three heads: Urban; Neighborhood; and the Residential. As per the contemporary urban historians, multi-level and ever-changing complexities of city life require that a city’s residential architecture can only be understood properly in its neighborhood and city-wide context. The railway housing was scattered, as the housing for the senior officers was located at a distance from that for the low-income staff and this obviously changed their contextual placement in an urban setting. The study of residential buildings in their immediate context was the second level of this study. Any study of individual residential buildings remains incomplete without the study of the complete built culture including the building bylaws, land-use and other socio-cultural infrastructure for the different users. To ascertain all this investigation addressed the following questions: What is the reason for their location in a particular residential settlement, who are its users, what is the conceptual underpinning behind their layout, type of its infrastructure with respect to its users. The objective of the above-mentioned studies was to situate the architectural analysis within a multi-scale social framework of residential colonies and metropolitan Lahore. Finally, this study in detail analyzes individual residential buildings. This requires a different approach than those adopted for the above two categories so a different set of questions was raised and answered: These concerned, firstly, the different categories of plots and their layouts, reasons for differences in planning of interior spaces and changes in them over time. The second type of questions concerned the technological aspects such as the different construction techniques adopted and improvements in them over time. The third aspect concerned the environmental concerns such as those dealing with the techniques adopted in attempting to cope with the harsh weather conditions. The fourth and final question concerned the adoption of different architectural styles/forms and reasons for their adoption. This dissertation, takes into account all the direct and indirect sources, archival records as well as field studies to answer the above-mentioned questions.