ٹامس میرس
ماہ گذشتہ میں ایک شخص مسمٰی ٹامس میرس نے امریکہ میں وفات پائی، جس کی بابت خیال ہے کہ وہ دنیا کا معمر ترین شخص تھا، وفات کے وقت اس کی عمر ۱۲۶ سال کی تھی، اس کے گھر میں انجیل کا ایک نسخہ تھا، جس پر اس کی تاریخ ولادت ۱۵؍ جنوری ۱۷۹۴ء درج تھی، اس کا مولد نارتھ ویلز (انگلستان) تھا، اس کو نپولین کے زمانہ کی لڑائیاں خصوصاً جنگ واٹرلو بطور چشم دید واقعات کے اچھی طرح یاد تھیں، پچاس برس سے اس کی سکونت امریکہ میں تھی، اس کی عمر ۲۶ سال کی تھی جب اس کی معشوقہ کا انتقال ہوگیا، اس وقت سے وہ برابر عورت کی صحبت سے محترز رہا۔
(اگست ۱۹۲۰ء)
The advancement in science and technology has made the world peace and prosperity very important at this time in the human history. We find in the human history, since it was recorded, that almost all the civilizations were very intolerant, brutal to their opponents, especially, to the believers of other religions. On the other hand, the Islamic states were the most tolerant and accommodating to other religions. This fact is proved from the early history of Islām during the period of the Prophet Muḥammad (r) and his immediate successors. Similar is the case in the later history of the Muslims, during the period of the Abbasid, the Umayyids in Spain, the Turks, the Mughal era and in the Far East. Human and economic losses in wars were very huge during the first, the second world wars, and the current wars being fought in Iraq and Afghanistan. The human and material losses are horrible. The author believes that the Prophet Muḥammad (r) ’s teachings and traditions of moderation, tolerance, human respect, freedom of religious practice are the only ways to peace and prosperity in the world.
Afro-American Historiography: Sociolinguistic Analysis of Black American Writing Oppression and liberty have oppositionality with each other but the latter emerges out of the former if patience, fortitude, discipline, unity and faith endure. It is true that where discrimination exists, revolt is only an inch below the surface. The Africans who were enslaved by the Americans never fully adjusted to slavery for accepted its inevitability. Inspite of all the inhuman atrocities inflicted upon them which made many to yield, the enlightened sons of the soil continued their struggle. Their constitutional struggle was not only for existence/ survival of the race but also for their recognition as honorable citizen of America. They fought against bigotry, racism, injustice, brutal violence, lynching, terror, and death in this democracy. The efforts made by this oppressed class, the ups and downs of their socio-economic status during previous two hundred years and the odds against success in the struggle are little known, especially in international circles. It required great struggle for the Afro-Americans to become a part of the main stream of social, economic, political, educational and judicial system of America. To cope with their inability to achieve their target, they developed ways to express their enthusiasms for freedom. Their pursuit of liberty differed in various parts of the country depending upon the following factors: conditions of the respective plantation; the rich past cultural heritage of the blacks; political upheavels and civil war in America; racism and segregation; contact with the Caribbian Africans struggle for human rights and American constitutional frame work struggle for human rights. The rise of the national protest organizations like the NAACP, The National Urban League, The Congress of Racial Equality, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Students Non-violent Co-ordinating Committee and other such organizations provided a collective leadership to the Black Americans for racial equality, civil and political rights, economic and educational advancements. Afro-Americans full blooded by repponded to slavery in accordance with the proposals and rhetoric of leaders from their own ranks. This research focuses on the socioliguistic analysis of the speeches of eminent African Americans who made the Blacks realize pride in their cultural heritage, enhance their confidence and self image and develop consensus, appropriate behavior and living standard. The future rests on their ability to become more inclusive than exclusive, more open than closed and more egalitarian than elitist.