معاشرتی امن و امان میں پختون روایتی مصالحت اور تحکیم کا کردار: ایک تحقیقی مطالعہ

To maintain and enhance social peace and mutual interaction among people it is mandatory to resolve their mutual conflicts. The eradication of mutual conflicts and working for reconciliation is obligatory on the Muslims. Al-mighty Allah has declared reconciliation and resolution of conflicts among all the Muslims as legitimate action. There are numerous verses of the Holy Quran and Hadith of the Prophet where Muslims have been ordered for reconciliation aiming to promote brotherhood and peace in society. The main rationale behind this is to bring harmony and peace in the social order of life. What are the pre-requisites of reconciliation from Sharia’s perspective, in which conflict reconciliation is permissible and in which cases it is not allowed. This study emphasizes to answer the above mentioned question. Furthermore, efforts have been made to provide a sharia’s foundation for those who are involved in the process of reconciliation in the form of Taḥkīm. This will not only encourage them, but will help in the maintenance of peace in the society. Similarly, a comparison will also be made between the merits and demerits of Pakhtūn’s traditional reconciliation process, and important suggestions will be made to make the Pakhtūn’s traditional reconciliation process more productive and valuable.

Promoting Organizational Learning to Improve the Quality of Education in School of Pakistan

The education system in Pakistan is strongly criticised for not establishing a sustainable mechanism whereby school personnel could learn from each other in both the formal and informal social contexts of schools and contribute to the provision of quality education. The current research used the philosophical underpinnings of organizational learning and proposed the School Organizational Learning Model (SOLM) to improve the quality of education in poorly performing schools in Pakistan. The quality of education provided by the schools is contingent on the fees they charge. Thus, the low cost public and private schools were noted as poorly performing schools in Pakistan. One way to improve quality is to utilize learning from well performing schools and improve the quality of education in the low-cost schools. The current research followed the explanatory mixed design and applied the Dimensions of Learning School Questionnaire (DLSQ) originally prepared by Watkins and Marsick (1997) and later adapted by Akram, Watkins and Sajid (2013) for schools of Pakistan. This was done to gather data from 502 sample cases from the medium-cost schools and used learning from them to improve conditions in a low-cost private school. Using the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) technique variables that contributed to the organizational learning of the medium-cost schools were identified. It was noted that out of four independent variables, individual level organizational learning was negatively correlated whereas school level organizational learning was positively correlated with the knowledge performance school outcome in the medium-cost schools. The remaining two variables, team level organizational learning and global level organizational learning, indicated insignificant impact on the knowledge performance of the schools. Thus, a semi-structured interview schedule based on individual and school level learning was developed and employed to gain additional relevant data from four selected teachers, four head teachers/coordinators. Using theoretical underpinnings of the organizational learning theory (Akram, Watkins & Sajid, 2013; Watkins & Marsick, 1997) and the data gathered during Phase I of the research which included both quantitative and qualitative data in the mixed methods design, the SOLM was developed and implemented through action research (AR) in the Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) section of a low-cost private school to improve the quality of education of the school. Evidence which indicated that the quality of classroom teaching of six teachers was improved emerged and thus the SOLM was considered a contribution to the existing knowledge concerning organizational learning.