شریمتی اندرا گاندھی
شریمتی گاندھی اب اس دنیائے فانی میں نہیں رہیں، کچھ نادان، وطن دشمن اور ناعاقبت اندیش مردوں کے پستول اور اسٹن گن سے نہیں، بلکہ ان کی بے رحمی، بے دردی اور سفاکی کی گولیوں کا نشانہ بنیں اور امر ہوکر سب سے رخصت ہوگئیں۔
دو مردوں نے ایک ۶۷ سالہ عورت کو اپنی بائیس گولیوں کا نشانہ نہیں بنایا بلکہ دنیا کے تمام مردوں کے مردانہ پن کی تذلیل کی، انسانیت کی گردن شرم سے جھکادی اور وطن کی ناموس خاک میں ملادی، مگر خود شریمتی اندرا گاندھی کی عظمت، جلالت اور صولت میں چار چاند لگادیا، ان کی وفات اپنی فطری موت سے ہوتی تو ان کی عزت، مقبولیت اور محبوبیت میں اتنا اضافہ نہ ہوتا جتنا کہ اب ہوا، گلابوں اور سورج مکھیوں سے لدی ہوئی ان کی ارتھی بحری، ہوائی اور برّی لشکریوں کے دستوں کی معیت اور لاکھوں عقیدت مندوں کے جلو میں روانہ ہوئی، تو ایسا معلوم ہورہا تھا کہ پنڈت جواہر لال نہرو کی لاڈلی، ہندوستان کی بیٹی اور سیاست کی دیوی اپنے میکے سے فنا کی سہاگن بنی ہوئی بے پناہ آنسوؤں کا جہیز لے کر وداع ہورہی ہے، سو سے زیادہ ملکوں کے ممتاز نمائندے ان کے احترام میں جھکے ہوئے تھے، مردوں اور عورتوں کا بے پناہ سوگوار ہجوم زبان حال سے کہہ رہا تھا کہ ہندوستان کی فضا پر جب تک سورج کی روشنی چمکتی رہے گی، چاند کی چاندنی پھیلتی رہے گی اور شبنم کے قطرے یہاں کے پھولوں کو تازہ اور شاداب کرتے رہیں گے، ہندوستان کی تاریخ میں شریمتی اندرا گاندھی کا نام باقی رہے گا۔
کچھ سیاسی شخصیتیں ایسی ہوتی ہیں جو زمانہ کے سپرد ہوجاتی ہیں، مگر کچھ سیاسی شخصیتیں ایسی بھی ہوتی ہیں جن کے سپرد زمانہ ہوجاتا ہے، اندرا گاندھی کی شخصیت ایسی تھی جس کے...
Background: Determination of age depends upon physical examination, dental assessment, and skeletal evaluation. The radiological examination of bone for appearance and fusion of ossification centers helps in the assessment of skeletal maturity as the process occurs in a particular sequence which is almost constant for that particular bone. Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the age of fusion of iliac crest by radiological examination of subjects of age bracket 17-25 years coming to Shalamar Hospital Lahore Methods: In this cross-sectional study, radiological examinations (Digital X-Rays) were performed to evaluate the fusion of Iliac Crest in 200 subjects of both genders of 17 – 25 years. Data analysis was done using SPSS Version 23. Conclusions were drawn and compared with available results of previous work done in this field. Results: Out of 200 subjects, there were 132 males (66 %) and 68 females (34%). The mean ± SD age of both genders was 20.41± 2.55. There were 93 cases (70.45%) of complete fusion among males, showing 100 % union in the age groups of 21-25 years, while 40 cases (58.83%) of complete union among females were observed during 20-25 year of age groups. The mean ± SD age of complete union for males was 20.67± 2.61 years and for females 19.90 ± 2.38 years, with a significant p value of <0.05. Similarly, a statistically significant difference was observed among people of different socio-economic statuses. No difference was observed among different ethnic groups. Conclusions: The fusion of the iliac crest is not affected by ethnicity. Factors like diet and nutrition directly affect bone growth and hence bone age. More studies should be conducted across the country to formulate a standard in setting up a uniform criterion for assessing the age of adolescents
Platelet flow cytometry is an emerging tool in diagnostic and therapeutic hematology. It is eminently suited to assess the expression of platelet surface receptors both qualitatively as well as quantitatively. It can thus serve as a useful parameter for in vivo expression of platelet activation and thus fore-warn the risk of thromboembolism which is inherent in patients with untreated type 2 diabetes mellitus. This technique can also be used to study and compare the effect of various antiplatelet drugs on the level of platelet activation and to establish any dose-effect relationship of these drugs. Topographical localization of platelet granules and study of platelet-platelet and platelet-leukocyte interaction is also possible by this procedure. All these parameters serve as pointers towards the presence of activated platelets in the circulation with its thromboembolic consequences. This technique can also be put to therapeutics by assessing the effect of varying doses of clopidogrel on suppressing platelet activation. It can thus serve as a reliable and easy technique to determine the dose of various antiplatelet drugs and offer a custom-made protective antithrombotic therapy. This study was undertaken with the primary object of determining platelet reactivity in patients with untreated type 2 diabetes mellitus and to study the effect of clopidogrel administration on the state of in vivo platelet XIactivation in these patients. It was extended to include the effect of clopidogrel on reactive platelet CD markers after in vitro pre-treatment with platelet agonists, more specifically ADP. This agonist was selected because of its easy handling and predicable platelet stimulating effect. It was postulated that platelets in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus circulate in the blood in hyperactive state and predispose to thrombotic complications so frequently encountered in these patients. This study confirms that platelets in these patients are at a higher state of reactivity and that clopidogrel can effectively suppress the enhanced platelet response. Four CD markers were chosen for this study; of these four markers CD63 and CD62p have a linear relationship with heightened platelet reactivity. The other two markers i.e. CD41 and CD61 are unaffected in these patients and do not seem to be causally related to increased propensity to develop athero-thrombotic complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sequential study of the reactive CD markers i.e. CD63 and CD62p shows that CD63 hyperactivity as indicated by flourescine positivity is a constant and persistent change while that of CD62p is an unstable response which falls off with the passage of time. It is therefore concluded that CD63 platelet markers should be evaluated to assess the state of platelet reactivity in patients with untreated type 2 diabetes mellitus.