خلافت اور جمہوریت نتائج و عواقب عصر حاضر کے تناظر میں

Islām is a complete code of life. Man is the vicegerent and representative of Allāh. The role of vicegerent and caliphate can only be fulfilled in a complete manner, when the system of the Islamic Caliphate is established. It is the duty of Muslims to endeavor for establishing such a system in the world. The caliphate is the political title of Islām. It is, actually, the sovereignty of Almighty God on the earth. God creates its sovereignty by selecting the pious people from the humankind. With the help of Caliphate, unity, strength and equality can be established in the Muslim world. Democracy is the system of government, which is based on the wishes of the majority of the people of a state. However, the real democracy is the one in which wishes of people are directly or indirectly catered. An ideal democracy is the one in which all affairs of the country are run with the consultation of all the people. If the affairs of any state are run by the majority of the people, then that state will move towards its destruction. Allāh says, “O Muhammad.. ! If you obey most of the dwellers of the earth they will lead you astray from Allah’s way. ” The affairs of the Islamic state must not run by the wishes of the majority nor the minority of the people, but, on the values of truth and justice. The author of this paper presents a critical and comparative study of the Islamic Caliphate and democracy, and concludes that it is the Caliphate and not democracy, which is the true Islamic system of government.

Teaching Social Studies As an Integrated Subject

In this study, I have explored how Maria, an experienced teacher of Social Studies, taught Social Studies as an integrated subject. Though there are some limitations such as school policy, time, and textbook which do not allow teachers to incorporate new approaches in teaching and learning of Social Studies; some new ways of teaching Social Studies as an integrated subject were employed. This study employed collaborative action research to integrate the teaching of Social Studies as an integrated subject. It was found that during the planning phase careful selection of topics and thoughtful planning of instructional activities through a unit plan needs to be provided to the teacher. In addition, the study examined the implementation process of a unit plan in a Social Studies classroom and developed a better understanding of how to teach in an integrative way by reflecting on classroom practices. This reflective component allowed Maria and me to see the development of teaching and learning processes in Social Studies. The findings from the data shows the importance of understanding the connection of different disciplines with different perspectives by looking at different strategies, which teachers can apply in the Social Studies classroom. The study gives recommendations to teachers of Social Studies and school management to promote the teaching Social Studies as an integrated subject.