Pak-China Defense Cooperation and Evolving International Relations

This study is about the impact of different global and regional changes resulting from PakistanChina’s defense cooperation and further examines the increasing range of diplomatic cooperation in the social, tactical, and economic realms. The paper focuses on three events: (i) the 1978 transformation of China and its opening-up policies; (ii) disbanding of the U.S.S.R (1991); and (iii) the event of 9/11 in the United States. These events had a significant influence on Pak-China ties. This study is a literature review and contributes to a better understanding of the evolving international systems namely the India-U.S. Tactical relations and strategic cooperation. The paper concludes that China and Pakistan need to preserve amicable, strategic, and diplomatic connections with one another as it is necessary for the peace, security, and economic development of not only China and Pakistan but for the region overall.

Associationof Tlr3 Genetic Variationswith the Development of Hcc in Hcv Infected Pakistanipopulation

Hepatitis C was called ?vigorous time explode? because it can extend rapidly and silently and disturbing more than 200 million people all over the world every year. According to some recent researches, in Pakistan, almost 10 million peoples were affected by HCV. The occurrence of hepatitis differs from country to country and varies among discrete areas of the same country. The major cause of increased HCV prevalence among the Pakistani was the reuse of injected syringes, unrestricted blood transfusions, and attentiveness. Activation of these TLRs may contribute to the inflammatory destruction caused by HCV. It had been shown recently that, HCV targets the TLR3 pathway to aid in immune evasion. TLR3 was only one of four viral recognition receptors placed within the endosome and it was plausible that HCV may target others. The aim of this research is to seek out the causes of HCC development in HCV patients of Pakistan. To pursue this research study, 200 blood samples of HCV patients were collected from the DHQ hospital of Okara city. Then blood samples of HCV were undergone through the DNA extraction process, which was the initial step and most basic step for this analysis, later Gel Electrophoresis was completed form size and excellence of extracted DNA. After that, specific primers of TLR3 gene was designed according to target areas and then optimized with reaction mixture to get copies of targeted genes, During PCR amplification, RTPCR conditions were applied to find the specific annealing temperature which gives the maximum amplification of target region and use the minimum reaction mixture to get the desired results. After DNA amplification through PCR, another technique named as a High-resolution melting curve was used to find the percentage of mutational occurrence is controlled and HCV patient, which leads to identifying the progression of disease in individuals. By applying the HRM method, some values were extracted to estimate the chance of occurrence of heterozygous condition TC for the TLR3 gene in both HCV and control patients which are 0.039 and for homozygous condition CC was 0.017. There was a significant difference between the dominant and recessive models as 4 (4%) of control and 11 (6%) of HCV patients shows chi-square value for TC+TT as 0.86(0.57-1.29) and p-value as 0.538. On the other hand, the recessive model gave a value of 8.24 for 57(57%) control and 43(43%) HCV patients.We assumed that HCV infection may intrude with the appearance and role of TLR3, a sensor of ssRNA. Investigating any effect on TLR3 by HCV may disclose a new mechanism for HCV immune evasion. In conclusion, the Hepatitis C Virus manipulates specific TLR3 function and expression and their signaling pathways disturb cytokine production. HCV modifies TLR3, a viral recognition receptor, via decreasing mRNA constancy which could enable the illusion of host immune observation. There was an association between the occurrence of HCC and infection with HCV in Pakistan.