الفصل الأول: أشعار نازك الملائكة وبروين شاکر(المتشابهة)
سأتناول في ھذا الفصل بعض أشعار نازك الملائکۃ وبروین شاکر ثم سأتحدث عن المتشابھات في بعض أبیاتھما بشکل أجمالي، واتضح لي من خلال عملي ھذا أن ھناک متشابھات فیما بینھما (نازك الملائکۃ وبروین شاکر) مع أن واحدۃ منهما عربیۃ والثانیۃ غیر عربیۃ، فمن خلال بحثي استنتجت بأنھما من الشاعرات الجدیدات لذلك ھُناک تشابہ في عصرھما وأحوالھما السیاسیۃ والدینیۃ والعلمیۃ والإجتماعیۃ وجمیع ھذہ المؤثرات لھا الدور الکبیر في تکوین الأفکار والأسالیب المتشابھة مع بعضھما البعض وأنھما من مشجعي الشعر الحر وصدق التعبیر لہ الید الأکبر في إیضاح أفکارھما وإیصال المعنیٰ الصحیح إلی القاريء أو السامع۔
وقد أخذت قصیدۃ من نازک الملائکۃ وقصیدۃ من بروین شاکر وقمت بمقارنتھما، ووضعت أسماء من خیالي لکل قصیدتین (قصیدۃ لنازك الملائکۃ وقصیدۃ لبروین شاکر) وھکذا۔
جدول القصائد المتشابهة
اسم قصیدۃ بروین شاکر أو بیت من غزلھا
اسم قصیدۃ نازك الملائکۃ
الإسم الخیالي
المبحث
کیسی بے چہرہ رُتیں آئیں وطن میں اب کے
The world has been changing ever since its creation, yet the pace of change in the last one hundred years or so has been the most rapid ever. The effects of these changes were beyond the limitations of time and region and therefore they directly affected the Muslim world as well. Muslim scholars did not ignore these changes and realized their responsibilities and wrote books of Sīrah which provided guidance in connection with these rapid changes and conditions. This research has highlight an important issue of the conflict between religions, its inception, history and primarily focused on the opinions of the authors of selected books of Sῑrah written in recent past. This research has also elaborated the modern approaches in Sῑrah writing. The study has mainly focused on significant Sῑrah books of three languages i.e. Arabic, English and Urdu. These books include Fiqh Al Sῑrah by Muḥammad Sa’īd Ramaḍān Al Būtī, Fiqh Al Sῑrah by Muḥammad Al Ghazālī, Madnī Mu‘āshrah by Akram Ḍīā Al ‘Umrī, The Life and the Work of the Prophet by Dr. Muḥammad Ḥamīdullāh, The Spirit of Islam by Sayīd Amīr ‘Alī, Muhammad A Biography of Prophet by Karen Armstrong, Sīrah Al Nabī by ‘Allāmah Shiblī Nu’mānī, Aṣaḥ Al Sῑyar by ‘Abdul Raūf Dānāpūrī, Ḍīā Al Nabī by Pīr Muḥammad Karam Shāh, Sīrati Sarwari ‘Alam by Abūl A‘lā Mūdūdī, Raḥmatullil'ālamīn by Qāḍī Muhammad Sulymān Manṣūrpūrī and Muḥammad Rasūlallāh by Sayīd Muḥammad Mīyān.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma is 6th most predominantly existing cancer and second largest contributor to human mortality all over the world. This study is focused on identification of ―Potent Anticancer terpenes‖ from selected experimental plants that may be successfully practicized in cancer chemotherapeutic mainstream. Twenty five plants were taken under consideration for present piece of work. Ethanolic extracts of different parts of these plants were prepared. Standard analytical methods including UV-VIS Spectroscopy, FTIR and GCMS effectively confirmed presence of a large number of secondary metabolites i.e. Flavonoids, Phenols, Terpenoids, Quinine, Saponins and Alkaloids in these extracts. Quenching potential of ethanolic extracts against DPPH free radical fabricated possible antioxidant dynamics of selected experimental plants. During present work we focused on the role of identified plant ―Terpenoids‖ involved in Hepatocurative as well as Hepatoprotective activities. The ethanolic extracts and these identified effective anticancer ―terpenes‖ were used for further experimentation on Hepatocellular Carcinoma in O. cuniculus. In vitro cytotoxic effects of ethanolic extracts of experimental plants and identified ―terpenes‖ (Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, Methyl decanoate, n- Hexadecanoic acid ) were assessed by MTT (3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assay against Mouse Fibroblasts (3T3) cell lines along with their IC50 calculation. Hepatocellular Carcinoma was induced by CCl4 administration in O. cuniculus. The safe doses of CCl4, ethanolic extracts and identified ―terpenes‖ were also optimized during this piece of work. Hepatocurative and Hepatoprotective potentials of plants extracts and their identified ―terpenes‖ along with standard drugs (in medical use for treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma) were effectively analysed by monitoring physiological changes (pH of saliva, temperature, blood glucose, body weight) in induced Hepatic Carcinomic O. cuniculus. Furthermore, Hematological investigations (Hb, RBC, TLC, MCV, MCH, MCHC and Platelets), changes in Liver Biochemical Enzymes (Alkaline phosphatase, Aspartate amino Transferase and Alanine aminotransferase) and Hepatic Carcinoma Marker (Alpha Fetoprotein) efficiently marked Therapeutic as well as Prophylactic outcomes followed by Histo-Pathological studies of Carcinomic and healthy livers following Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining. xxiii The research work was aimed to critically examine potential role of naturally occurring ―Terpenoids‖ from diverse botanical origins for chemoprevention as well as chemotherapy of liver tumors. Both in vitro and in vivo effects were noted and recorded. We successfully identified the anticancer ―terpenes‖ giving better and non-toxic results against Hepatocellular Carcinoma in comparison to synthetic anti-cancerous drugs in market. In addition to this, we also recorded similar anticancerous response of ethanolic extracts of selected experimental plants against induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in O. cuniculus. The results of the present piece of work are promising and may be very helpful for finding green, cost effective and eco-friendly chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic measures to deal successfully with liver carcinomas.