Reflections on the Economy of Asean Countries in the Face of the Covid-19 Pandemic

This article discusses the Economic Reflections of Asean countries in facing the Covid-19 Pandemic in several Asean countries, namely Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia. Vietnam's economic growth was victorious, the economies of various countries in other Southeast Asian regions were battered by the corona virus. The process of economic growth is influenced by two kinds of factors, namely economic factors and non-economic factors. Economic factors, which are none other than production factors, are the main force affecting economic growth. Malaysia has proven to the world community that its country is capable of managing its economy even in challenging circumstances. He quoted the IMF as global economy recorded negative growth and in Indonesia it seems that contraction in income activities in some income classes is affected. In the second quarter there is a slowdown, then in the third quarter the savings are enormous. It could be that consumption, which has been a factor in economic growth, will be a challenge. In an effort to maintain economic stability during the Covid-19 pandemic. This reflects that the economies of ASEAN countries, even in the world, are currently under the same pressure due to the Covid-19 virus pandemic, the world economy this year will experience a recession.

Assessment of Synergies of the Synchronized Biodiversity of Wheat and Sugarcane Crops in Faisalabad District

The diversity of macroinvertebrates assemblages in wheat-weeds and sugarcane-weeds agroecosystems were recorded. In addition, phytochemical potential of weeds recorded from both crops were determined to evaluate assessment of synergies of the synchronized biodiversity of wheat and sugarcane crops in Faisalabad district. A total of 72 species of macroinvertebrates (n=4228) were recorded from wheat-weeds agroecosystem. Of these, 58 species inhabited both wheat and weeds while the remaining 14 were recorded only from weeds. Arthropoda (92.41%) and the Mollusca (7.59%) were most recorded macro-invertebrate taxa. Hemiptera (29.09%), Coleoptera (24.77%), Diptera (23.07%), Orthoptera (5.34%) and Pulmonata (8.69%) were the dominant groups of macroinvertebrates in wheat. Diptera (30.92%), Hemiptera (26.49%), Coleoptera (13.53%), Hymenoptera (9.97%) Pulmonata (6.81) and Orthoptera (6.16%) on the other hand, were the most recorded macroinvertebrates on wheat weeds. A higher number of macroinvertebrates (n= 2930) was recorded at the edges in comparison to the centers (n= 1298) of wheat fields. The diversity (H′), richness (S) and evenness (E) indicated a highly significant difference in species composition in most of the habitat combinations. A total of 232 species of macroinvertebrates (n = 5665) were recorded from sugarcane- weeds agroecosystem. Of these, 53 were recorded only from sugarcane while 61 were recorded exclusively from weeds. Arthropods were the most abundant group of macroinvertebrates collected from sugarcane (94.26%) and its associated weeds (98.22%). Hemiptera Coleoptera, Diptera, Orthoptera and Araneae collectively constituted 82% of the macroinvertebrates. A comparison of the diversity (H′) values indicated a highly significant difference in species richness (S) and evenness (E) in all the habitat combinations. The diversity (H′), richness (S) and evenness (E) were higher at the edge than the center of both habitats under consideration.Seeds of fifteen weeds and vegetative parts (roots, stem, and leaves) of seventeen weeds were subjected to analysis to evaluate their phytochemicals. Flavinoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, glycosides, alkaloids, anthrequinones and terpenoids were recorded. This baseline study documents that weeds provide phytomorphic heterogeneity for heterogeneity of macroinvertebrates feeding, breeding and over wintering and taking refuge in various niches. They seem help in maintaining a balance between predator-prey population dynamics and in turn, warrant sustainable crop production with least amount of pesticides and fertilizers used. The weeds that are already being used as traditional medicines could have great economic potential to be used as synergizers fortifying the wheat flour quality (as seeds) and green manure as well.