Factors to Consider in Midwifery Care during Climacteric and Monopause Period

This study discusses the management of climacteric obstetrics and menopause. Menopause is the final feminine cycle or when the final monthly cycle happens, one of the mental viewpoints of changing self-concept amid menopause is unquestionably menopausal ladies ended up on edge around their bodies and frame self-concept approximately how their bodies are. The side effects experienced by ladies some time recently menopause cause the mother to be ill-equipped approximately physical and mental changes. To decrease this, ladies must get ready themselves both physically and mentally for menopause. Ladies who are going through menopause go through the primary stages counting premenopause, perimenopause, menopause, and postmenopause, and menopause for the most part happens in ladies matured 45-50 a long time.

Thyroid and Lipoprotein Profile of Adult Residents of District Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan

In Pakistan, thyroid disorders are the most common endocrine disorders which may lead to abnormal lipid profile. This study is an attempt to establish a more realistic reference range for thyroid related hormones (TSH, T4 & T3) and lipid profile of normal and diseased Rahim Yar Khan residents. This study has further explored correlation if any, among studied parameters of different experimental groups like metabolic syndrome patients (diabetic, hypertensive and hypotensive individuals), symptomatic thyroid patients and post-menopausal females. A total of 164 subjects were selected, comprising of experimental group (n = 106) and control group (n = 58) on the basis of questionnaire information. The control group included males (n = 34) and females (n = 24). The experimental group consisted of diabetic male (n = 11), diabetic female (n = 11), hypertensive individuals (Male = 10, Female = 10), hypotensive subjects (Male = 10, Female = 10), symptomatic thyroid patients (Male = 10, Female = 10) and post-menopausal women (n = 24). All serum samples were analyzed for thyroid hormones levels (TSH, T4, T3), total protein and lipid profile. For TSH estimation, solid phase ELISA was used while T3 and T4 were estimated using competitive ELISA technique. Total protein was assessed by biuret method. Lipid profile parameters were quantified by CHOD-PAP method. The statistical tools, SPSS 23 and Minitab, were used to assess precision of measurements (standard deviation), and to calculate, mean, range, Pearson bivariate correlation and level of significance. The TSH level of diabetic, hypertensive and symptomatic thyroiditis patients exhibited significant up-regulation in comparison to normal controls. However, T4 of diabetic and symptomatic thyroiditis patients was down-regulated. While the members of hypotensive group demonstrated T4 up-regulation. The T3 level was down-regulated in all groups of both genders except hypotensive individuals which were found to have T3 level similar to normal controls. Total cholesterol and LDL was up-regulated excluding hypotensive group but LDL level depicted down-regulation in hypotensive males only. The HDL parameter exhibited up-regulation in diabetic, hypertensive and symptomatic thyroiditis males but observed to be down-regulated in hypotensive group. However, HDL level did not varied in any category of female subjects. Total protein level was down-regulated in all study individuals except members of diabetic group and symptomatic thyroiditis males. Analysis of diabetics has revealed an association of T3 with non- HDL parameters. While the symptomatic thyroiditis patients displayed strong positive correlation of TSH and non-HDL parameters. Hypertensive males and hypotensive females had strong positive correlation of total protein with non-HDL parameters. However, post-menopausal women have medium positive correlation of TSH with HDL and strong positive correlation of T3 with HDL. The profile of normal individuals correlated well with the international standards. However, most of the diseased subjects (diabetic, hypertensive, hypotensive and symptomatic thyroiditis Patients) exhibited hypothyroidism and post-menopausal females satisfied criteria of hyperthyroidism. There is need to further extend study on large scale to establish reliable association of studied metabolic syndromes, thyroid disorders and post-menopausal status with abnormal lipid and thyroid hormones profile.