8. Al-Anfal/The Spoils of War
I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
08:01
O The Prophet!
They ask you about the spoils of war to whom do they belong?
Tell them:
‘The spoils of war belong to Allah and The Messenger Muhammad.
So be mindful of Allah in reverence, awe, and piety, and
in case of disputes resolve them amicably and maintain good relations among yourselves.
And obey Allah and HIS Messenger, if you are true believers.’
08:02
Indeed, the true believers are those whose hearts fill up with awe whenever they are
reminded of Allah,
and whose faith is further strengthened whenever HIS Messages are recited out to them,
and who put their trust in their Rabb - The Lord to take care of their affairs.
08:03
It is they who establish the Salat/Prayers,
and spend in the Cause of Allah of what WE provide for them.
08:04
It is they – they are the true believers.
For them are high ranks of honor and dignity with their Rabb - The Lord,
as well as forgiveness of sinful trespasses, and
generous provisions in Paradise.
08:05
A similar situation of dispute arose when your Rabb - The Lord caused you to leave your home to fight for the Cause of Truth,
although a group of the believers were, in fact, unwilling to do it,
08:06
…. arguing with you about the truth even after it had become quite clear
as if they were being driven to their own death with their eyes wide open.
08:07
And remember even when Allah was promising you that one of the two enemy groups will be yours,
although...
Human Milk banks have been established in many parts of the world. The main purpose of these banks is to save the babies’ lives and to ensure that the newborn babies’ rights to breast milk are fulfilled. Especially for the infants whose Mothers could not feed them due to illness, lack of milk or lack of time. The problem is that milk bank practices in the Western countries contradict with the Islamic law whereby it may result in the possibility of overlapping of the progeny (nasab) and selling the organ of human, etc. The Muslim countries have been not participating in these milk sharing activities because of these religious issues. However, due to a critical need of breast milk in hospitals, this article addresses these issues and the different opinions of Islamic scholars and suggests ways to formulate a proper model of milk bank that is compatible with the Islamic law and to avoid further problems of nasab. This study has two main objectives: firstly, to introduce Milk Bank, causes of its’ existence, method of collection and storage the milk, the benefits of breastfeeding and the unpleasant effects of Milk Banks. Secondly, to review some authoritative legal scholars’ opinions on the issue of milk bank and to recommend a proposal on how to develop a milk bank in accordance with the Islamic law. The study is expected to be able to recognize the issues of Milk Bank, to make the people become aware of its side effects and religious problem.
The genus begomovirusbelongs to the family Geminiviridae that have emerged as serious constraints worldwide and infect variety of crops including vegetables, ornamental plants and weeds. To determine the diversity of begomoviruses on chillies,samples were collected on the basis of symptoms from Attock, Talagang, Chakwal, Islamabad and Hyderabad. Samples were tested by TAS-ELISA against begomoviruses by use of monoclonal antibodies of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), Indiancassava mosaic virus (ICMV) and Okra leaf curl virus (OLCV). The results indicated that all isolates showed range of high to moderate or low level of reaction. A panel of four monoclonal antibodies of ACMV, three of ICMV and three of OLCV were used. Epitope profile pattern slightly differed within each group, depending upon the location and concentration of the virus in the tested isolates. It was also confirmed that symptomatic chilli samples contained multiple infections of the begomoviruses in the studied area. Diverse patterns were found indicating great diversity among begomoviruses infecting chillies. The core region was amplified using two sets of degenerate primers. The sequencing data of nineteen samples indicates the presence of nine different species of begomoviruses, namely;Chilli leaf curl virus (ChLCV),Mesta yellow vein mosaic virus (MYVMV), Tomato enation leaf curl virus (ToELCV), Tomato leaf curl Karnataka virus (ToLCKV),Tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus (ToLCGV),Papaya leaf curl virus (PLCV),Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (ToYLCV),Chilli leaf curl Oman virus (ChLCOV),Pedilanthus leaf curl virus(PeLCV).More than one virus was isolated from the single sample indicating 1 12 thepresence of mixed populations of begomoviruses in chilli crop. Full length genome of four different begomovirus species was obtained, (248)Pedilanthus leaf curl virus (PeLCV), (249)Cotton leaf curl Burewala virus (CLCuBV), Pepper leaf curlvirus (PepLCV) and (251)Tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus (ToLCGV). No evidence for the presence of DNA-B was available, using abutting primers from the Intergenic Region (IR), when the same samples were tested. This indicates the monopartite nature of begomoviruses isolates, associated with betasatellites and alphasatellites. It becomes clear that CLCuBV and PepLCVwere associated with PLCVβ and CLCuBα. However PeLCV possesses PLCVβ but there was no association of alphasatellites. Furthermore, ToLCGV was associated EYVβ; however, alphasatellite was absent. Apart from understanding the nature of mix infection, this study has both epidemiological and pathological implications. Diseases caused by begomoviruses and associated DNA satellites have been expanding rapidly both in geographical distribution and host range. Given the presence of large number of begomoviruses throughout Asia and Africa, and ability of DNA-β to substitute for DNA-B, the probability may exist that new species/strains of begomoviruses emerge. Any effort towards developing resistance to disease, either by conventional or nonconventional means would be wise to take into account the possibility of more complex situation becoming important in chilies in the future.