معالم الشعر القصصي عند العرب قبل مطلع القرن العشرين

Many people of literature deny the existenic of dramatic art in the classical poetry of Arabs. They provide proofs for their allegation. But the reality is contrary that for many reasons. In this we have provided the proof which will explore the fact that before the dawn of 20th century the Arabic poetry exists the dramatic art of literature

Control Oriented Modeling of Gasoline Engines: A New Paradigm

The advent of hybrid, ex fuel and smart vehicles has highlighted the need of an engine model suitable for a uni ed control and diagnostic framework. However, this may require a new engine modeling paradigm, deviating from traditional control oriented models and converging torst principle based models. These new developments have motivated the authors to bridge the prevailing gap between the existing control oriented engine models and the stringent requirements put up by new power-train architectures. In existing literature Mean Value Engine Models (MVEMs) are developed under a few assumptions and analogies. There exists a variety of approaches for evaluating the brake torque, however structure of engine speed dynamics remains the same. Though such a structure captures the mean value pro le but builds an abstraction wall between model and the actual system. The said wall completely hides the aspects of crankshaft angular speed uctuations, dynamics of multi-cylinders and others beneath its shadow. Among others, comprehensive control and diagnostic uni cation and derivation of the basis for model based cylinder-to-cylinder control are most prominent limitations. Toll in the gap a new modeling strategy is presented in this thesis. The strategy takes into account the considerations of multi-cylinders and spatial orientation, without compromising the structural simplicity. The torque production subsystem is modeled by joining the model of torque producing mechanism and a simple closed form analytical gasoline engine cylinder pressure model. Model of the torque producing mechanism is derived using Constrained Lagrangian Equation of Motion, and is simpli ed to a suitable form to be integrated in overall engine model. An analytical gasoline engine cylinder pressure model is taken from literature and extended for a four cylinder engine, then integrated to the model of torque producing mechanism. Following such a modeling strategy unlike existing literature in control oriented gasoline engine models, torque production subsystem is not replaced by a continuously operating volumetric pump. As a result, the model vividly describes the crankshaft angular speed uctuations and the dynamics introduced by multi-cylinders. The employed physical principles give the global envelope of validity to the model. Thus the model describes dynamics of the healthy system, as well as system under faulty conditions, comprehensively. The proposed model is tuned and successfully validated. Pattern of crankshaft angular speed uctuation for mis re in one cylinder is simulated and found closely matching to an actual engine mis re data.