یونس رضوی(۱۹۲۷ء) سیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آپ نے ۱۹۴۹ء میں محکمہ انکم ٹیکس میں ملازمت حاصل کی۔ ۱۹۵۴ء میں فلم انڈسٹری لاہور سے رابطہ قائم کیا۔ آپ نے غزل ،نظم اور دیگر اصناف میں طبع آزمائی کی لیکن فلم انڈسٹری سے منسلک ہونے کی وجہ سے آپ کی زیادہ توجہ گیت نگاری کی طرف تھی۔(۷۵۵) ان کا شعری کلام ملک کے مختلف رسائل و جرائد میں چھپتا رہا۔ ایک شعری مجموعہ ’’میرے آنسو میرے گیت‘‘ ،زمزمہ پرنٹنگ پریس سیالکوٹ سے ۱۹۷۶ء میں شائع ہوا۔
یونس نے اردو شاعری میں کوئی نئی اور انوکھی راہیں دریافت نہیں کیں ۔بلکہ وہ اپنی شاعری میں روایت پسندنظر آتے ہیں۔ ان کی شاعری غم و اندوہ کی شاعری ہے۔ مگر ان کے ہر شعر کے پردے میں ایک ایسی چھپی ہوئی مضبوط انا کا وجود ملتا ہے۔ جو حوادث کی ستمرانیوں سے کبھی زخمی نہیں ہوتی۔ اور زندگی کا ہر آنے والا زخم انھیں پہلے سے کہیں زیادہ حوصلہ مند اوربا وقار بنا دیتا ہے۔
یونس رضوی کا نمونہ کلام ملاحظہ ہو:
شبِ سیاہ مکمل شبِ سیاہ نہ تھی
تمہاری زلف کا سایہ بھی اس میں ڈالا گیا
بساطِ عشق کی بازی تمام ہار گئے
مذاقِ عشق ہمارا بلند و بالا گیا
(۷۵۶)
غم زمانے کا متاع جسم و جاں تک آگیا
آگ کا شعلہ لپک کر آشیاں تک آگیا
کٹ تو جائیں گے شب و روز فراق ان کے بغیر
دکھ یہی ہے کہ رونق شام و سحر جاتی رہی
(۷۵۷)
گردش دوراں کے ہاتھوں اس قدر مجبور ہوں
زندگی کی ہر مسرت سے میں کوسوں دور ہوں
(۷۵۸)
۷۵۶۔یونس رضوی ،’’ میرے گیت میر ے آنسو‘‘،ص: ۵۱
۷۵۷۔ایضاً،ص:۴۱،۴۲
۷۵۸۔ایضاً،ص:۴۸
Economic causes of social insecurity describes the risk of economic loss faced by workers and households as they encounter the unpredictable events of social life. This review suggests a nine-part framework for studying the distribution and trends in these economic risks. Empirical research in these areas reveals high levels of economic insecurity among low-income households and suggests an increase in economic insecurity with the growth in economic inequality in the Country. The solution of social insecurity because of Economic causes is also discussed in the light of Teachings of Holy Prophet.
In some serious environmental constraints, soil salinity is a worldwide major issue for crop production and soil declination. Salinity in Pakistan has covered 6.68 million hectares area of cultivated land and further out of 6.68 million hectares 56% area is covered by saline sodic. The soil salinity causes hindrance in the availability of very essential macronutrients like phosphorus. The relation between phosphorus uptake and soil salinity is a complex phenomenon. With the aim to calculate phosphorus (P) fractions and to maximize P bioavailability in wheat crop, a series of pot and field experiments were conducted in normal and salt affected soils. In 1st incubation study rate of P was selected on the basis of plant available P at different time intervals from three different rates (200, 400 and 600 mg kg-1 of soil) of P fertilizer. Results revealed that among different fractions of P (bound and bioavailable), maximum Olsen-P was found 12.18 mg kg-1 in PROKA soil (saline sodic), 9.225 mg kg-1 in PARS soil (saline) and 9.125 mg kg-1 in UAF soil (normal), when P was applied at 400 mg kg-1 of soil. Selected rate of P fertilizer (400 mg kg-1) was used in 2nd incubation study with different organic amendments [farmyard manure (FYM), poultry manure (PM), crop residue (CR)] and sewage sludge (SS) for the determination of P fractions at different time intervals. Plant available Olsen-P fraction significantly increased after 90 days of incubation in all soils (normal, saline sodic, saline) with amendments FYM and PM but not as much with amendments CR and SS at P application level 400 mg kg-1 of soil. Overall, Olsen-P was increased maximum with PM (23.2, 21.7 and 19.4 mg kg-1) and FYM (20.6, 17.6 and 20.6 mg kg-1) as compare with SS (14.3, 15.5 and 15.7 mg kg-1) and CR (12.9, 14.4 and 14.0 mg kg-1) in normal, saline sodic and saline soils, respectively. To evaluate the effect of P rate (400 mg kg-1) selected from 1st study and organic amendments (FYM and PM) selected from 2nd study, A subsequent pot experiment was conducted in normal (UAF) and salt-affected (PROKA and PARS) soils. Results showed a significant effect on wheat growth, yield, physiological, chemical and biochemical parameters by combined application of P + PM in all soils. On the basis of these parameters, P + PM remained as best in normal and salt-affected soils with order of normal>saline>saline sodic. In pot experiment, maximum level of grain yield (24%), photosynthesis (37%), protein (20%), fat (40%), starch (41%) and maximum reduction in polyphenol (47%) were observed by combined application of P + PM, over control. Highest level of P in root xviii (53%), shoot (57%) and grain (121%) was found in wheat plant grown in normal soil while maximum level of Olsen-P (99%) was observed in saline sodic soil by P+PM treatment, over control. In field experiment, results showed that growth parameters such as plant height, root dry weight and 1000 grain weight were increased maximum with PM + P treatment in all soils. Photosynthetic parameters also affected significantly in all three types of soils by combined application of PM + P. Significant effect of combined application of P fertilizer and PM was recorded in case of P concentration in wheat root, shoot and grain in all soils. Biochemical parameters such as protein, fat, fiber, ash, starch and polyphenols were also affected significantly with treatment PM + P. Overall these experimental results showed that P fertilizer applied with PM, not only improved wheat growth, yield and physiology but also improved grain nutritional value and P uptake in both type of soils (normal and salt-affected). Reduction in adverse effect of soil salinity was also observed by integration of chemical fertilizers and organic amendments.