تاویل نصوص کی شرعی حیثیت

The two fundamental sources of Islam are the Qur’an and Sunnah (Life) of the Hope Prophet (peace be upon him). Rulings and Legal interpretation are based in light of these two sources, and these two sources are used to determine the correct way of living. Some rulings are clear cut and explicit without any need for interpretation, while other rulings are not so clear cut and are very vague and open to multiple interpretations. Sometimes, in order to understand these vague rulings, there is a need to use different construed methods of interpretations, so that these commandments can become easier to understand and explain. The meaning of construed here is to use those interpretations which is not used commonly in order to explain the verse of life style of the beloved messenger. However, this is not something that any average human being can do, rather one must be a scholar of the highest caliber and have expertise in the field of interpretation. Additionally, the construed interpretation must be valid according to the principles of interpretation, and must have been used before in a previous interpretation. One other thing to note here is that there are many different types of taweel i.e construed interpretations. Some are correct while others are incorrect. This is why it is important to know and understand the correct use of construing and non-construing interpretations in the field of Islamic jurisprudence, so that one can differentiate between the two. Another tragedy of today is that every person thinks that they should and do have the ability to interpret the Qu’ran and the Sunnah on their own, and without any expertise in interpretation, come up with and begin to interpret the Qur’an on their own. This results in wrong interpretations, which not only misguides the individual, but countless others as well. This is a fact that the many different sects in Islam considered deviant by the majority, they all have begun with incorrect and deviant understandings and interpretations on the sacred texts in Islam.

Study of Inhibition of Interferon Inducible Genes by Dephosphorylation of E2 Envelope Gene of Hcv Genotype 1A

Hepatitis C is a major health problem affecting more than 200 million individuals in World including Pakistan. Current treatment regimen consisting of interferon alpha and ribavirin does not always succeed to eliminate virus completely from the patient’s body. The mechanism how Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) induces interferon resistance is still indefinable. HCV genotype 1a shows greater hindrance to treatment than genotype 3a. One of the mechanisms by which virus evades the antiviral effect of interferon alpha involves that HCV envelope protein 2 (E2) interacts with Protein Kinase (PKR) which is the interferon-inducible protein kinase and which in turn blocks the activity of its target molecule called eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α). Sequence analysis of Envelope protein reveals it contains a domain homologous to phosphorylation sites of PKR and the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha. This domain is known as protein kinase (PKR) eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) phosphorylation homology domain (PePHD). This domain in HCV genotype 1 strains is reportedly homologous to PKR and its target eIF2α. Thus envelope protein competes for phosphorylation with PKR. By binding to PKR, PePHD inhibits its activity and therefore cause virus to evade antiviral activity of interferon (IFN). In the present study the possible role of phosphorylation in envelope 2 protein for interferon resistance was first investigated in silico and then confirmed invivo. Genes coding for envelope 2 protein were isolated from local HCV isolates and their tertiary structure was predicted. Insilico phosphorylation of tertiary structures revealed that two residues S75 and S277 of envelope 2 gene are surface exposed at cytoplasmic domain and may compete with the phosphorylation of PKR protein. Interferon induced antiviral protein PKR has a role in the HCV treatment as dsRNA activated PKR has the capacity to phosphorylate the serine and threonine of E2 protein and dimerization of viral RNA. E2 gene of HCV genotype 1 has an active role in IFN resistance. E2 protein inhibits and terminates the kinase activity of PKR by blocking it in protein synthesis and cell growth. This brings forward a possible relation of E2 and PKR through a mechanism via which HCV evades the antiviral effect of IFN. A hybrid in-silico and wet laboratory approach of motif prediction, evolutionary and structural analysis has pointed out serine 75 and 277 of the HCV E2 gene as a promising candidate for the serine phosphorylation. It is proposed that Serine phosphorylation of HCV E2 gene has a significant role in interferon resistance. In present study we mutated the two Serineresidues at positions S75 and S277 and their efficacy was checked in respect to interferon resistance. The results of this study suggest that serine residues as predicted have a significant role in interferon resistance, especially S75. It is also suggested that some other factors may be involved along with viral envelope gene 2.