Ecd Educators Outlook on Early Years Curriculum and Pedagogy Fostering Children’s Holistic Development

The main purpose of the study was to explore educators' views on children's the early years' curriculum and pedagogy implemented in Pakistan. This research study is grounded in qualitative design i.e. Case study. The case included examining educators, the early years' and school managers' critical reflections on children's learning and development during the early years' education. This research study is first of its kind in the context of Pakistan as the early years teachers' views about their teaching practices have rarely incorporated in recent studies. The main finding of this study was that curriculum and pedagogies used in early years' program has never been concentrated earlier as potential research themes. Though many research studies have been conducted on the implementation of ECE programs, but not any specific study concentrated on matching curriculum goals with its implementation to facilitate children's holistic development. It was learnt that national curriculum framework 2007 is not followed in most ECE classes. The main reason was found that many practitioners i.e. Educators and managers have not seen or read it. Consequently, national philosophy is compromised while nurturing children holistically It is therefore recommended for teachers and educators to study the national and now provincial curriculum framework because it has set a benchmark as what to achieve and suggested how to achieve the goals.

Developing and Comparing of Paired Comparisons Models under Bayesian Principle.

The paired comparisons (PCs) is applicable in the situation, when items/ treatments are ranked to obtain the response, treatments presented in pairs. This study is carried out to develop some new paired comparison models named as the Rayleigh PC model, the Maxwell PC model, and the Nakagami PC model. Moreover, an Amendment is suggested in the existing van-Baaren VI PC model to introduce two-tie parameters. The Rayleigh PC model is also modified by introducing the parameter of no preference. The models are analyzed under Bayesian method. The posterior distributions for parameters are derived under non-informative and informative priors. The hyperparameters are elicited through the technique of prior predictive distributions. The ranking for treatments are obtained by the posterior estimates. To obtain posterior summaries, the following loss functions are considered in this study: quadratic loss function, weighted loss function, squared error loss function. The graphical depiction of marginal posterior distributions is given. Furthermore, the preference and predictive probabilities are evaluated for a current and future single PC, respectively. The posterior probabilities of the hypotheses are computed for comparing two parameters. Model appropriateness is checked through the χ2 test. The Lindley-Shannon information is enumerated for the amount of information in the priors. The Akaike information criterion and the Bayesian information criterion are measured for the model selection. The analysis is performed on the two real life data sets of five cigarette brands: Goldleaf, Marlboro, Dunhill, Benson & Hedges and Davidoff and four drinking water brands: Aquafina, Nestle, Kinley and Springley. The posterior summaries are obtained by the Gibbs sampling. Mostly SAS package is used for finding results.