ہمیں معلومات سے زیادہ حکمت چاہیے
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
معزز اساتذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو!
آج مجھے جس موضوع پر لب کشائی کا موقع دیا گیا ہے وہ ہے:’’ہمیں معلومات سے زیادہ حکمت چاہیے‘‘
صدرِذی وقار!
علم ایک خزانہ ہے، ہر ایک اس خزانے سے اپنی تجوریوں کو بھرنا چاہتا ہے، علم جستجو سے حاصل ہوتا ہے ،علم کے حصول کے لیے محنت شاقہ کی ضرورت ہے، علم کی تگ و دو میں زندگیاں صرف ہو جاتی ہیں۔ معلومات حاصل کرتے کرتے ایّام زیست گزر جاتے ہیں۔ معلومات جیسی بھی ہوں جہالت کے گھٹا ٹوپ اندھیروں کا خاتمہ کر دیتی ہیں۔
جنابِ صدر!
معلومات کا خزانہ اس وقت متمتع اور کار آمد ثابت ہوتا ہے، جب اس خزانے کے صحیح مصارف معلوم ہوں، ان معلومات کے لیے صحیح استعمال سے آشنائی حاصل ہو، معلومات کے مطابق زندگی کے ڈھنگ ہر صاحب علم کی دسترس میں ہوں۔ دنیا بھر کی معلومات ہیں لیکن وہ صرف اپنی ذات کی حد تک محدود ہیں تو وہ نہ ہونے کے برابر ہیں۔
جنابِ صدر!
جب کسی کام میں حکمت شامل ہو جاتی ہے تو اس کے حسن کو دوبالا کر دیتی ہے، اس کی خوبصورتی میں اضافہ ہو جاتا ہے، اس کی دھنک کے رنگ نمایاں ہو جاتے ہیں، اس کی اہمیت دوبالا ہو جاتی ہے، اس کی شان نرالی ہو جاتی ہے۔ دانائی اور حکمت سے معمور کام انفرادیت کا حامل ہوتا ہے، اس علم صفت کے حامل طفلان خودمعا ملہ نہیں ہوتے بلکہ زیرک و فطین لوگ ہوتے ہیں۔
صدرِذی وقار!
حکمت کے پھول کاغذی پھول نہیں ہوتے، گلشن حکمت و دانائی میں چلنے والی ہوا حیات بخش جھونکوں سے معمور ہوتی ہے، جس جگہ پر حکمت ہوتی ہے...
Adl and Qisṭ is indeed a manifestation of God’s mercy, rather, it may also be seen as a principal objective of Shariʿah. The origin or sources of administration of justice in Islām are the Quran, Sunnah of the holy Prophet, consensus of opinions of the jurists of Islamic jurisprudence and Analogy (Qiyās). Justice is a sacred obligation of supererogatory. It is obligatory upon the Muslim rulers to appoint judges for the dispensation of justice to attain equality, to protect the human rights from their violation, to safeguard the lives and properties, and to maintain law and order in society. As a judge is supposed to accomplish a very important and noble task being a regent of Allāh, hence, some vital merits and criteria regarding the conditions and qualifications for the appointment of the Qāḍī or judge in the light of the Qur’ān, Sunnah and Islamic jurisprudence and the code of conduct for the Pakistani judges must be observed at all costs. The author of this paper has discussed these conditions and qualifications in this article. There are some unanimous conditions for the appointment of judges, while some others are not agreed upon. While presenting the difference of opinions of the Islamic jurists, the author tried to explain, reconcile the opinions and at some places presented her own view in the light of her analysis and arguments. These conditions are around thirty, but the author according to her own discretion chose some of the most important ones to discuss in this paper.
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is the cause of typhoid fever in humans. Although typhoid fever has almost vanished from developed countries, it is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. Its global annual incidence has increased from 21 million cases to 26.9 million cases during the period 2000 to 2010. Typhoid fever is curable with high dose of several antimicrobials but the treatment is time consuming and expensive. Vaccines are the eventual source of prevention from typhoid fever. At present, licensed typhoid vaccines are based on Vi polysaccharides. These vaccines are not useful for children of less than 2 years of age and are ineffective against the infections caused by Vi negative S. Typhi strains. O-Specific polysaccharides (OSP) from lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are universally present in both Vi positive and Vi negative S. Typhi and their conjugation with a potential immunogenic protein can make them useful for children below 2 years of age and to elicit humoral as well as cellular immune response. Therefore, we planned to prepare polysaccharide-protein conjugates of Vi negative S. Typhi as potential vaccine candidates. Initially, we purified OSP from the extracted LPS of a local Vi negative S. Typhi isolate and checked its antigenicity against polyclonal mice antisera. To conjugate a carrier protein with the purified OSP, we used the recombinant exoprotein A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (rEPA) and human serum albumin (HSA). For production of recombinant rEPA, full length rEPA gene was cloned in expression vector. Protein expression was optimized using different isopropyl-β-D- thiogalactoside (IPTG) concentrations, various temperatures and post-induction time. The expressed protein was purified on Ni-NTA chromatography column from soluble fraction as well as from inclusion bodies. His-tag was removed from rEPA using tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease. Polyacrylamide gel and Western blot procedures were performed to check the purity of the protein. We synthesized four glycoconjugate vaccine candidates of Vi negative S. Typhi OSP using sodium cyanoborohydride (reductive amination) and 1-cyano-4-dimethylaminopyridinium tetrafluoroborate (CDAP). Each of the conjugate was injected to mice on day 1, day 21 and day 42. The immune response (IgG) against prepared conjugates were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the results were interpreted by one way ANOVA using all conjugate groups vs. OSP control group. The conjugate 2 elicited significantly high (P = 0.0001) antibody titer, while the titers produced by conjugate 1 (P = 0.037), conjugate 3 (P = 0.302) and conjugate 4 (P = 0.416) were not significantly higher than that of the control group. We conclude that the conjugate 2 (OSP-rEPA) has the potential to be evaluated further and recommended for the clinical trials.