عورت کی وراثت اور پاکستان میں سماجی و قانونی حیثیت کا اسلامی تعلیما ت کی روشنی میں تحقیقی جائزہ

The Holy Quran is seen as the ultimate source of guidance and knowledge in Islam. It defines inheritance as automatic transfer of possession by which estate person transfers to the heirs as succession. In the Quran Surat Al Nisa explains about inheritane in just a manner that is due to each individual, male female. This Surah of the Quran has clearly specifies that women should no longer be treated as cattle and commodities, but as individuals, they have the legal right to inherit. The Quran mentions plainly the women right of inheritance in Surat Al Nisa : “ Allah Charge you concerning (i provision for) your children : to the male equivalent of the portion of two females, and if there be women more than two, then theirs is two-third of inheritance, and there be one(only) then the half. Islam gives the women right of inheritance, but the practical situation is different in society and country laws of inheritance. Women are often deprived of this fundamental right especially when it comes inheritance of immoveable assets i.e land. There are numerous reasons to deprive women from inheritance, for example cultural practices such as considering dowry as an alternate to inheritance etc. But the major cause is lack of knowledge and awareness regarding Shariah Law and state legislature due to rampant literacy and dominant role of customs and culture. This research article is an attempt to describe Islamic Law of inheritance along with the extensive study to analyze the practical social and legal status in Pakistani society, and awareness among the women of Pakistan.

A Corpus-Based Analysis of Lexical Bundles As Building Blocks of Academic Discourse

Lexical bundles are prefabricated fixed structures, both phrasal and clausal, which are one of the important components of fluent linguistic production. These multi-word structures are extended collocations which appear in text more frequently than expected and play an important role in constructing academic phraseology. Lexical bundles have been investigated in academic texts across the world but their variation or similarity across the academic disciplines remains an open question. The current study is a corpus-based investigation of lexical bundles in PhD dissertations in Pakistani context. The study explores 4 to 7 word lexical bundles in a corpus of 4.6 million words comprising dissertations from three different disciplines of doctoral study in Pakistani universities, i.e. English Studies, Social Sciences, and Bio-Sciences, to find out the use, variation and preferred structures across different disciplines. The lexical bundles extracted with the help of AntConc 3.4.4w (Windows) 2014 were categorized according to the structural taxonomy provided by Biber et al. (1999). The results show that all of the dissertations from three disciplines rely heavily on the prefabricated chunks. On the other hand, the common bundles show that every discipline, and even subjects within a discipline, has varied choices of lexical bundles that confirms that lexical bundles vary from subject to subject and discipline to discipline. Moreover, different disciplines have different dominant structures, for instance, English Studies have the highest percentage of Prepositional Phrase Fragments, Social Sciences have the highest percentage of Noun Phrase Fragments and Bio-Sciences have the highest percentage of Verb Phrase Fragments. The analysis shows that occurrence of 4-Word lexical bundles is almost 10 times higher than that of 5-Word bundles which means that length of structure is inversely proportional to its occurrence in the corpus. Finally, academic phraseology is not fixed, although deeply rooted in prefabricated structures in its orientation, it varies across various disciplines of study.