عہد نبوی میں صحابیات کی معاشی سرگرمیاں، عصر حاضر کی خواتین کے لیے مشعل راہ

Islam is a complete code of life which provides complete guidance in all aspects of human life. The discipline of economics was given particular importance in Islam as most of the human activities revolved around it that could also be seen practically around the globe. The major responsibility of under taking the financial matters was laid on men according to teachings of Islam. The core purpose of this academic work was to explore the Islamic view point about the woman economic activities. The study was basically designed to address that whether Islam permitted women to take part in economic affairs or not? The article provided a guideline for cotemporary women in the light of economic activities of Ṣaḥābiyāt that how the today’s women could take part into various domains of financial matters by keeping in view the life and economic activities of Ṣaḥābiyāt. The descriptive and analytical research methodology was employed for the collection and analysis of data. The review of literature revealed that men were primarily responsible for economic matters, however women could do the job by following the instruction of Islamic teachings. It was also found that the women could actively take part in various economic fields including; trade, agriculture, medical science, and education. In the light of above findings the research recommended that Government should take some serious measures by making economic arrangements and providing Islamic environment for work in order to accommodate the needy, poor, widows and oppressed women of society. On one hand, it would be beneficial for the financial support of their family while on the other hand, enhance the production of country. Finally it must be kept in view that family system should not be ruined due to job of a woman.

Upshots of Neoliberalism on Sports Activities in Higher Education Institutions: An Exploratory Study

Neoliberalism has emerged as the political and economic philosophy; tend to strengthen governments in financial terms by cutting off the social investments of government on general public and increasing the role of private sector in society. Sports in any society is the social act not just the winning of medals but also keeping society healthy but after establishment of neoliberal philosophy governments tend to decrease their social investment in society similarly the sports. Educational institutions work as hatcheries for sports development and due to the cut shot of social investment these institutions have also decreased the budget of sports. So this study tend to investigate the changes that occurred due to neoliberal philosophy in higher education institutions. In the most precise terms it becomes imperative to study the, Upshots of neoliberalism on sports activities in universities: as an exploratory study. The basic objective of this study was to find out the changes occurring within higher educational institutions in terms of sports participation and competitions. This study was delimited to the public and private sector universities situated in Lahore city. Furthermore study was stretched over those universities which have an association with the HEC and they take part in HEC inert university sports competitions. In this study, mixed methods research design was used and the data collected in this study was in qualitative and quantitative modes. In this study researcher selected all those universities which participate in HEC inter-university sports competitions. Director of sports from all universities and all those players who represent some university in sports competitions were the population of the study. To choose the sampled universities researcher had done census sampling and collected data from all the universities who participate in HEC inter-university sports competitions and are situated in Lahore city. There were four public sector and six private sector universities in Lahore city which participate in HEC inter-university sports competitions. For the selection of players as the potential respondents researcher have done random sampling with probability sampling methods. Total of eight hundred (800) were selected from universities and researcher selected only those players who participated in interuniversity competitions during the session 2015- 2017 and also selected only those players who participate in those games which are included in HEC sports competitions. Data was collected through five point likert-type scale and options of rating scale were; Most Often, Often, Neutral, Rarely and Never.Tool was consisted of forty three items representing eight different variables of neoliberalism. Second tool used in this study was focus group interview protocol which was administered to the Director Sports of all the sampled universities. Regression model was applied to analyze the data collected. ANOVA statistics was applied to see the effect of demographic variables on the parameters of neoliberal thoughts to see the significant difference in means of the sportsmen opinion. Several findings were drawn by the researcher like; universities are not providing facilities to the players for their self-grooming. Universities are not developing ethics within their players‘ through their sports processes. Universities are not making the players learn those skills through which they can make money outside the university. In nutshell researcher argues that there is no significant difference found in both public and private sector universities regarding effects of neoliberalism on their sports activities. Due to the neoliberal philosophy adaptation universities have changed many of their processes regarding sports and sportspersons like; universities are promoting only those games which are financially beneficial for universities and those games which have no financial benefits are the gain less attention of institutions. At the end researcher has made some recommendations like; Universities should not take the sports just an icon term of economic benefits because sports provide the way to maintain the health of the society especially youngsters or youth. Universities tending to serve as the hatcheries for sports and many of the players who found chance of participation at universities level proceeded to the international level; hence the universities should invest in their sports processes for the betterment of sports.