زبان کیا ہے؟
زبان کیا ہے؟ یہ کب سے ہے؟ انسان نے کب سے بولنا شروع کیا؟ یہ وہ سوال ہیں جو روز ازل سے جنم لے رہے ہیں۔ ہر دور کے ماہرین نے ان سوالوں کے خاطر خواہ جواب ڈھونڈنے اور اس علم میں اضافہ کرنے کی کوشش کی ہے۔ زبان دراصل اللہ رب العزت کی خاص نعمت ہے۔ جس کی وجہ سے انسان اپنے خیالات، جذبات اور احساسات دوسروں تک پہنچانے کی کوشش کرتا ہے۔ زبان دراصل آوازوں کے با معنی مجموعے کو کہا جاتا ہے جو انسان اپنے منہ سے نکالتا ہے۔ البتہ یہ سوال آج بھی تحقیق طلب ہے کہ انسان قوتِ گویائی اپنے ساتھ دنیا میں لایا یا دنیا میں آکر یہ سب کچھ سیکھا؟اس سلسلے میں مختلف نظریات سائنسی وادبی سطح پر موجود ہیں۔
زبان سے متعلق غور کرنے کا سلسلہ ابتدائی زمانے ہی سے سنجیدگی سے چلا آرہا ہے۔مذہبی رہنماؤں اور مدبروں کے شانہ بہ شانہ اہل علم حضرات بھی اس سلسلے میں غور و خوض کرتے چلے آرہے ہیں ۔افلاطون اور ارسطو جیسے فلسفیوں نے بھی زبان کے بارے میں اپنے خیالات کا اظہار کیا۔افلاطون کی مشہورِز مانہ کتاب(Cratylus) علمِ زبان کے متعلق پہلی کتاب سمجھی جاتی ہے۔زبان کے قواعد ،تذکیر و تانیث اور اجزائے کلام کی ابتدائی تعریفیں یونانی دانشور ارسطو نے بیان کی ہیں۔اسی طرح زبان کے ابجدی تحریر کاآغاز بھی یونان سے ہوا۔اسی وجہ سے یونان کا دعویٰ ہے کہ سب سے پہلے ہم نے روئے زمین پر علم کا آغاز کیا اور ہر قسم کا علم ہم نے ہی ایجاد کیا۔ اس سلسلے میں بہت سی کتب اور بیش قیمت علم آج بھی موجود ہے۔ اس کے بعد قدیم ہندوستانیوں اور عربوں نے بھی زبان کے متعلق کافی غوروخوض کیا۔اس سلسلے میں...
This study aims to analyze and examine the influence of employee commitment and cultural organizational factors towards employees of the Job Performance, Regional Secretariat (SetDa) Riau Province both simultaneously (overall test) and partial (individual test). The research method used is verification, while the population in this study is the Regional Secretariat (SetDa) Riau Province based on increasing totaling 402 people. By using the method of proportional stratified random sampling in the sample amount to obtain 40 respondents. While data collection technology is used by the field study and library that includes observation, interviews and question-naires, and to determine the relationship and the influence of an independent variable to the model variables to use Multiple Linear Regression Analysis. The results showed that the calculated results obtained statistically Multiple Correlation Coefficient (R) was 0.8950 with p <0.05 and the coefficient value of Determination (R2) 80.11%. This means that approximately 80.11% of employee commitment and organizational culture factors have a significant influence on employee job performance. Partial test showed that the partial coefficient of determination values contained in the organizational culture variables for (r2) = 54.58% with p = 0.00000 and tresult = 7.515> ttable = 1.678 and ttable variables for employee commitment (r2) = 78, 74% with p = 0.00000 and tresult = 13.196> ttable = 1.678. These results indicate that organizational cultural factors and employee commitment have a significant relationship influence on employee job performance of the Riau Province Regional Secretariat (SetDa).
Diallel analysis is a useful technique to study the inheritance pattern of traits. Eight wheat cultivars and their straight diallel crosses in F2 and F3 populations were studied for various traits at Agricultural University, Peshawar during 2006-2007 and 2007-08. The parent cultivars and their half diallel 28 F2 and F3 populations were planted in randomized complete block design with four replicates. Each entry was planted in four-row plot of five meter length with row to row space of 30 cm. Data for yield and its contributing traits were recorded on randomly selected ten plants in parent cultivars while 30 plants in F2 and F3 populations. Pooled analyses revealed significant differences for all traits in parent cultivars, F2 and F3 populations. Trend in heritability estimates and genetic advance for various traits were inconsistent in F2 versus F3 populations. Diallel analyses of F2 populations depicted significant variation for both additive and non-additive components for all traits except number of tillers in both years and thousand kernel weight during 2006-07. Dominance components b1 and b2 were significant for all traits. However, b2 value was non significant for number of tillers in both years and for spikelets spike-1 and thousand kernel weight only during 2006-07. The b3 component was significant for all traits except number of tillers, spikelets spike-1, biological yield and grain yield during 2006-07, and plant height, spike length and thousand kernel weight during 2007-08. Additive dominance model was partially adequate for all traits except number of tillers, thousand kernel weight and harvest index during 2006-07. The values of genetic components and Vr/Wr graph of F2 material suggested preponderance of non-additive gene action for all traits in both years except grain spike-1 during 2007-08. Average degree of dominance being greater than unity for all traits also suggested over dominance for controlling these traits. Significant GCA and SCA differences reflected important role of additive and non-additive gene actions in both years, however, higher magnitude of SCA variances indicated preponderance of non-additive gene action for all traits. None of the individual populations showed superiority for all traits, however, Iqbal-2000 x Ghaznavi-98 performed better for most of the traits in both generations. Based on mean perforamance,Tatara-96 and Ghaznavi-98 with early flowering and medium stature appeared better cultivars for yield and related traits, while Khattakwal and Margalla-99 being late maturing and tallest exhibited maximum mean values for tillers number, spike length and biological yield appeared as poorest. Similarly, Iqbal-2000 x Ghaznavi-98, Tatara-96 x Iqbal-2000, Wafaq-2001 x Iqbal-2000, Takbeer x Ghaznavi- 98, Wafaq-2001 x Ghaznavi-98 and Tatara-96 x Ghaznavi-98 were better performing populations in both generations.