مراتب اختر معاصرین کی نظر میں
مراتب اخترنے ساٹھ اور ستر کی دہائی میں اپنے منفرد ڈِکشن کی بنا پر شہرت حاصل کی۔ انھیں مجیدامجد کی صحبت سے فیض یاب ہونے کا موقع بھی مِلا۔ مجیدامجد سے اُن کی ملاقاتیں بھی اُن کے جدید شعری رجحان کا سبب بنیں۔ مجیدامجد مراتب اختر کے بارے میں کہتے ہیں:
یہ ایک شاعر ہیں جو غزل کہتے ہیں اور غزل ان کے عقیدئہ حیات کا ایک جزو ہے۔ یہ عقیدہ ان کی رُوح کے لیے شرط ایمان ہے، کوئی عجب شیفتگی ہے جو انھیں اس صنف کے ساتھ ہے۔ ایک عمر سے وہ غزل کے مصنوعی انداز کو نکھارنے میں مصروف ہیں۔ یہاں ان اشعار کے اندر ایک بالکل نیا چہرہ مفاہیم ہے۔ لذتِ بیان کی ایک انوکھی سرشاری ہے۔ بظاہر ایک سہمی ہوئی آواز ہے لیکن دراصل یہ اپنی ہی توانائی سے شرمائی ہوئی آواز ہے۔ نئے اِمکانات اظہار ہیں، نیا جلوئہ حروف ہے۔ ایسا معلوم ہوتا ہے گویا اظہار کے پردے میں شاعر اپنے آپ ہی سے مخاطب ہے۔ خود ہی اپنی آواز، خود ہی اس کا سننے والا اور خود ہی اس سے کیفیت گیر ہے۔ ان اشعار پر مکاشفوں کا گمان ہوتا ہے۔ اپنے تاثر پر اپنا اعتقاد، اپنے اعتقاد پر اپنا ایمان، اپنے اسی اطمینان کا وقار، ان کے ہر شعر سے جھلکتا ہے۔ جابجا ایک ضبط ہے جس کی اپنی تمکنت ہے۔ ایک شکستگی ہے جس کا اپنا جلال ہے۔ ایک کرب مہجوری ہے، جس میں گراوٹ نہیں متانت ہے۔ ایسا احساس ہوتا ہے جیسے محبوب کے ساتھ بات کرتے وقت شاعر کے لہجے میں محبوب کا انداز رضامندی اس میں شامِل ہو گیا ہے۔۔۔ جہاں خارجی اشیاء کا بیان ہے، وہاں یوں لگتا ہے جیسے یہ اشیاء اپنا ٹھوس وجود...
The Holy Prophet (PBUH) was sent to establish justice. He made use of law and good conduct to achieve this great target. Complete investigation and transport exploration is of universal value that holds fundamental significance in legal system. This research article presents insight, broadness and transparency of investigatory system established by the Prophet (PBUH). It also highlights rules and laws in the light of valid research references. All these features are evident in Prophet’s personality. In this regard, keeping in view the nature of topic, the guidance has been sought from the commands of The Quran, Hadith and different incidents of the life of Muhammad (SAWW). A discussion has been premeditated to explore Prophet’s tactics regarding law of investigation. This research article, having research outlook and logical link, touches upon the rules and principles which the Holy Prophet (PBUH) has given us for the recognition of the real culprit of good judgment, clues and witnesses. Investigative departments are radically important for the protection of Islam, maintenance of peace, internal stability and the protection of life, honor and property of people living in the society. The charter of these agencies is to abolish oppression, establish justice, impose the writ of law, and punish the guilty and to bring lawbreakers within the grip of law. The officer who performs the above duties is known as Naazir e Jaraaim1 in Islamic jurisprudential terminology. Further duties which fall within the remit of this officer are: Investigation of charges, production of the accused before a court of law, getting proven criminals sentenced by the court, executing the sentence handed down, releasing the accused in case evidence is not sufficient and getting wrongful accusers punished properly.
Interspecific competition occurs among sympatric species when the availability of shared resources is reduced in the environment. Resource partioning (prey groups) among nine agrobiont spider species along their exact identification of prey and predators were verified in University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan. This study based on predation evidences is highly supportive to compute coefficients of niche breadth and niche overlap. All overlap values were <1.00 (range, 0.05-0.92), which indicates that each species has its own feeding niche in the wheat ecosystem. Although all are generalist predators, highest values were approximately1 to 2 times greater than the minimum, which specifies substantial differing degree of feeding specialization. Moreover, up to species level identification of prey-predator is challenging when closely related species are found at a given locality. DNA barcoding has proven to be a significant approach to resolve this taxonomic impediment. Sequence diversity in a standard segment of the mitochondrial gene coding for cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) is extremely operational in discerning spider species. A COI profile containing nine spider species correctly assigned approximately 100 % of subsequently analyzed specimens to the appropriate species. In addition, the number of base substitutions per site from averaging over all sequence pairs was calculated as 0.76 % and standard error estimate was 0.05. Such outcomes establish the potential of COI as a rapid and accurate identification tool for biodiversity surveys of spiders. Moreover, no any true evidences of predation were found among all nine predator’s gut due to the unavailability of expected insects specific primers. The overarching aim of such study was to develop a faunastic quantification of araneids along their prey consumed within wheat fields. Their major predatory role and dominant species composition were explored for agriculture and biodiversity sustainability in Pakistan. Nevertheless, due to insufficient and non-comprehensive data based on the CO1, gene sequences it was very difficult to fetch the accurate information however, present study is a step to explore the Araneae predator-prey roles in wheat fields of Pakistan.